{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:39:04Z","timestamp":1791513544730,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellular senescence is closely linked to endothelial dysfunction, a key factor in age-related vascular diseases. Senescent endothelial cells exhibit a proinflammatory phenotype known as SASP, leading to chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and vascular impairments. Albeit in a state of permanent growth arrest, senescent cells paradoxically display a high metabolic activity. The relationship between metabolism and inflammation is complex and varies across cell types and senescence inductions. While some cell types shift towards glycolysis during senescence, others favor oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Despite the high availability of oxygen, quiescent endothelial cells (ECs) tend to rely on glycolysis for their bioenergetic needs. However, there are limited data on the metabolic behavior of senescent ECs. Here, we characterized the metabolic profiles of young and senescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to establish a possible link between the metabolic status and the proinflammatory phenotype of senescent ECs. Senescent ECs internalize a smaller amount of glucose, have a lower glycolytic rate, and produce\/release less lactate than younger cells. On the other hand, an increased fatty acid oxidation activity was observed in senescent HUVECs, together with a greater intracellular content of ATP. Interestingly, blockade of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose in young cells resulted in enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, while the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), a key rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation, ameliorated the SASP in senescent ECs. In summary, metabolic changes in senescent ECs are complex, and this research seeks to uncover potential strategies for modulating these metabolic pathways to influence the SASP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12111956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1698916581000},"page":"1956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Senescent Endothelial Cells Sustain Their Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) through Enhanced Fatty Acid Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8477-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Bari Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Giudetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4805-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Del Coco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Ramini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Caccese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Sbriscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1874-5217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Graciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2646-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Fulgenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Tiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3073-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Fanizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Rippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9947-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Sabbatinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00483-8","article-title":"The metabolic roots of senescence: Mechanisms and opportunities for intervention","volume":"3","author":"Wiley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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