{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:33Z","timestamp":1787027613071,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bintuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2023AB078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AB078"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Science and Technology Program","award":["NCG202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCG202232"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Science and Technology Program","award":["CARS-15-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-15-25"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Science and Technology Program","award":["KYCX22_3532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_3532"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Science and Technology Program","award":["SJCX23_1991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_1991"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Agricultural Innovation Project","award":["2023AB078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AB078"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Agricultural Innovation Project","award":["NCG202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCG202232"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Agricultural Innovation Project","award":["CARS-15-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-15-25"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Agricultural Innovation Project","award":["KYCX22_3532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_3532"]}]},{"name":"Bintuan Agricultural Innovation Project","award":["SJCX23_1991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_1991"]}]},{"name":"the National Cotton Industry Technology System","award":["2023AB078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AB078"]}]},{"name":"the National Cotton Industry Technology System","award":["NCG202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCG202232"]}]},{"name":"the National Cotton Industry Technology System","award":["CARS-15-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-15-25"]}]},{"name":"the National Cotton Industry Technology System","award":["KYCX22_3532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_3532"]}]},{"name":"the National Cotton Industry Technology System","award":["SJCX23_1991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_1991"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2023AB078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AB078"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["NCG202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCG202232"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["CARS-15-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-15-25"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX22_3532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_3532"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX23_1991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_1991"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), P.R. China","award":["2023AB078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AB078"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), P.R. China","award":["NCG202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCG202232"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), P.R. China","award":["CARS-15-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-15-25"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), P.R. China","award":["KYCX22_3532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_3532"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), P.R. China","award":["SJCX23_1991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_1991"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manipulating dietary nutrients, especially protein fractions, holds significance in enhancing the antioxidant capacity and immunity function of ruminants. This study investigated the impact of dietary adjustments in soluble protein (SP) levels, in conjunction with a reduction in crude protein (CP) content, on the antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of sheep. This study had four dietary treatments, including a control diet (CON) adhering to NRC standards with a CP content of 16.7% on a dry matter basis and three diets with an approximately 10% reduction in CP content compared to CON with SP levels (% of CP) of 21.2 (SPA), 25.9 (SPB) and 29.4% (SPC), respectively. Thirty-two healthy male Hu sheep, with an initial live weight of 40.37 \u00b1 1.18 kg and age of 6 months, were randomly divided into four groups to receive these respective diets. Our data revealed no significant differences in slaughter performance among treatments (p &gt; 0.05), although low-protein treatments decreased the stomachus compositus index (p &lt; 0.05). Compared with CON, as SP was adjusted to 21.2%, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) concentrations were decreased in the serum (p &lt; 0.05), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) content was decreased in jejunum and ileum (p &lt; 0.05), superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration was reduced in the duodenum (p &lt; 0.05), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased in spleen and ileum (p &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and IL-8) contents were upregulated in the serum (p &lt; 0.05), while immunoglobulin (IgA and IgM) contents were reduced in the duodenum (p &lt; 0.05) with SP adjustments. Additionally, the SPB and SPC diets reduced the content of saturated fatty acids and increased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with CON (p &lt; 0.05), along with retention in the tenderness and water-holding capacity of the longissimus lumborum muscle. In summary, reducing CP by 10% with an SP proportion of ~25\u201330% improved meat quality without compromising antioxidant capacity and immunity function, while lower SP levels had adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T11:24:43Z","timestamp":1702293883000},"page":"2098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammatory Response, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Hu Sheep in Response to Dietary Soluble Protein Levels with Decreased Crude Protein Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiquan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhuang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1706-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuezhao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanyong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam5324","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5324","article-title":"Meat consumption, health, and the environment","volume":"361","author":"Godfray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-0113-y","article-title":"Nitrogen emissions along global livestock supply chains","volume":"1","author":"Uwizeye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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