{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:39:07Z","timestamp":1789987147817,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc pyrithione (ZPT), a widely utilized industrial chemical, is recognized for its versatile properties, including antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, and antifouling activities. Despite its widespread use, recent research has shed light on its toxicity, particularly towards the male reproductive system. While investigations into ZPT\u2019s impact on male reproduction have been conducted, most of the attention has been directed towards marine organisms. Notably, ZPT has been identified as a catalyst for oxidative stress, contributing to various indicators of male infertility, such as a reduced sperm count, impaired sperm motility, diminished testosterone levels, apoptosis, and degenerative changes in the testicular tissue. Furthermore, discussions surrounding ZPT\u2019s effects on DNA and cellular structures have emerged. Despite the abundance of information regarding reproductive toxicity, the molecular mechanisms underlying ZPT\u2019s detrimental effects on the male reproductive system remain poorly understood. This review focuses specifically on ZPT, delving into its reported toxicity on male reproduction, while also addressing the broader context by discussing other antifouling chemicals, and emphasizing the need for further exploration into its molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:54:03Z","timestamp":1706518443000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Male Reproductive Toxicity of Antifouling Chemicals: Insights into Oxidative Stress-Induced Infertility and Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc Pyrithione (ZPT)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mogellah John","family":"Panga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, R.N., Ali, A.A., Alshahrani, M.Y., and Aboshanab, K.M. 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