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Dietary AO3 supplementation significantly enhanced the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), while decreasing the feed conversion rate (FCR) and diarrhea rate (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, AO3 addition altered the fecal microflora composition with increased abundance of f_Prevotellaceae. LPS challenges were further conducted to investigate the detailed mechanism underlying the benefits of AO3 supplementation. The piglets fed with AO3 exhibited a significant increase in villus height and decrease in crypt depth within the jejunum, along with upregulation of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 (p &lt; 0.05) compared with those piglets subjected to LPS. Furthermore, AO3 supplementation significantly ameliorated redox disturbances (T-AOC, SOD, and GSH) and inflammation (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-12) in both the serum and jejunum of piglets induced by LPS, accompanied by suppressed activation of the MAPK signaling pathway (ERK, JNK, P38) and NF-\u03baB. The LPS challenge downregulated the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway, mRNA levels of electron transport chain complexes, and key enzymes involved in ATP synthesis, which were significantly restored by the AO3 supplementation. Additionally, AO3 supplementation restored the reduced transport of amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids induced by LPS back to the levels observed in the control group. In conclusion, dietary AO3 supplementation positively affected growth performance and gut microbiota composition, also enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, nutrient uptake, and energy metabolism, as well as alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation under LPS stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T10:40:15Z","timestamp":1708339215000},"page":"246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Mixture of Formic Acid, Benzoic Acid, and Essential Oils Enhanced Growth Performance via Modulating Nutrient Uptake, Mitochondrion Metabolism, and Immunomodulation in Weaned Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanyi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Licui","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wutai","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.003","article-title":"Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Moeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. 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