{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:35:29Z","timestamp":1790184929800,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK06\/UM\/02\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK06\/UM\/02\/5"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["PV036-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PV036-2020"]}]},{"name":"Ganofarm R&amp;D Private Limited, Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK06\/UM\/02\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/SKK06\/UM\/02\/5"]}]},{"name":"Ganofarm R&amp;D Private Limited, Malaysia","award":["PV036-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PV036-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that gives rise to motor incoordination and progressive functional disabilities. Although pharmacological interventions have revealed promising prospects in the management of SCA3, adverse effects may become unbearable. The use of herbal remedies in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may serve as potential alternative medicines to delay the progression of the disease. This systematic review is intended to identify, appraise, and summarize the findings of studies pertaining to the therapeutic roles of herbal remedies in TCM targeting oxidative stress in the management of SCA3. A literature search for relevant articles published from 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2023 in three databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, was carried out according to the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A total of ten preclinical studies met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review. We recognized the therapeutic potential of Brassica napus, Codonopsis pilosula, Curcuma sp., Gardenia jasminoides, Gastrodia elata, Ginkgo biloba, Glycyrrhiza inflata, Hericium erinaceus, Hyptis sp., Paeonia lactiflora, Panax ginseng, Poria cocos, Pueraria lobata, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Scrophularia ningpoensis. We identified the types of preclinical models expressing polyglutamine (polyQ) expanded mutant protein (mATXN3), inducers of oxidative stress that mimic the SCA3 pathogenesis, and effective doses of the herbal remedies. The modes of action contributing to the attenuation of oxidative stress are activation of antioxidant pathways, ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system and autophagy, regulation of apoptosis, proinflammatory signaling pathway and chaperones, regulation of mitochondrial function and biogenesis, and restoration of neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. In conclusion, herbal remedies in TCM may possibly delay the progression of SCA3, therefore providing justification for clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13030375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:39:31Z","timestamp":1710841171000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Oxidative Stress in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 and Its Attenuation by Herbal Remedies in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0286-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Shahirah","family":"Mohd Hisam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kah Hui","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2014.117","article-title":"Chinese homozygous Machado\u2013Joseph disease (MJD)\/SCA3: A case report","volume":"60","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.28","article-title":"Hereditary ataxias: Overview","volume":"15","author":"Jayadev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.5.702","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxias in the Netherlands: Prevalence and age at onset variance analysis","volume":"58","author":"Sinke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000358801","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: A systematic review of prevalence studies","volume":"42","author":"Ruano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1707","article-title":"Hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia in Portugal: A population-based prevalence study","volume":"70","author":"Coutinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp056","article-title":"Prevalence of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia in southeast Norway: A population-based study","volume":"132","author":"Erichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-008-0028-x","article-title":"Sporadic ataxias in Japan\u2014A population-based epidemiological study","volume":"7","author":"Tsuji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.10.1502","article-title":"Asian origin for the worldwide-spread mutational event in Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"64","author":"Martins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-008-0330-y","article-title":"Analysis of segregation patterns in Machado\u2013Joseph disease pedigrees","volume":"53","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"24","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxia","volume":"5","author":"Klockgether","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.150087","article-title":"Nerve growth factor for the treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: An open-label study","volume":"128","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.01.001","article-title":"Clinical features, neurogenetics and neuropathology of the polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias type 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7","volume":"104","author":"Paulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLoughlin, H.S., Moore, L.R., and Paulson, H.L. (2020). Pathogenesis of SCA3 and implications for other polyglutamine diseases. Neurobiol. Dis., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104635"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.06.007","article-title":"Polyglutamine diseases: The special case of ataxin-3 and Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"95","author":"Matos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.08.003","article-title":"Proteomic and biochemical analyses unveil tight interaction of ataxin-3 with tubulin","volume":"41","author":"Mazzucchelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.07.004","article-title":"Absence of ataxin-3 leads to cytoskeletal disorganization and increased cell death","volume":"1803","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00368","article-title":"Mitochondrial morphology, function and homeostasis are impaired by expression of an N-terminal calpain cleavage fragment of ataxin-3","volume":"11","author":"Harmuth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.11.006","article-title":"Toward understanding Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"97","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45004","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205259200","article-title":"Ataxin-3 is a histone-binding protein with two independent transcriptional corepressor activities","volume":"277","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11474","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2053-06.2006","article-title":"Ataxin-3 represses transcription via chromatin binding, interaction with histone deacetylase 3, and histone deacetylation","volume":"26","author":"Evert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, A., Saha, S., Chakraborty, A., Silva-Fernandes, A., Mandal, S.M., Neves-Carvalho, A., Liu, Y., Pandita, R.K., Hegde, M.L., and Hegde, P.M. (2015). The role of the mammalian DNA end-processing enzyme polynucleotide kinase 3\u2032-phosphatase in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 pathogenesis. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004749"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4532","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx095","article-title":"Ataxin-3 promotes genome integrity by stabilizing Chk1","volume":"45","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695151","article-title":"Ataxin-3 consolidates the MDC1-dependent DNA double-strand break response by counteracting the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4","volume":"36","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71779-1_20","article-title":"Gene therapies for polyglutamine diseases","volume":"1049","author":"Matos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1194-221","article-title":"CAG expansions in a novel gene for Machado-Joseph disease at chromosome 14q32.1","volume":"8","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)90927-I","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxia, type 3 (SCA3) is genetically identical to Machado-Joseph disease (MJD)","volume":"132","author":"Haberhausen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971172","article-title":"Dominantly inherited ataxias: Lessons learned from Machado-Joseph disease\/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"27","author":"Paulson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1314","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.1314","article-title":"Clinical features and genetic characteristics of homozygous spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"54","article-title":"Correlation between CAG repeat length and clinical features in Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"57","author":"Maciel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/4.5.807","article-title":"Molecular features of the CAG repeats and clinical manifestation of Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"4","author":"Maruyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390411","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxia 3 and Machado-Joseph disease: Clinical, molecular, and neuropathological features","volume":"39","author":"Stevanin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13722","article-title":"Sequestration of cellular interacting partners by protein aggregates: Implication in a loss-of-function pathology","volume":"283","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, R., Liu, Y., Silva-Fernandes, A., Fang, X., Paulucci-Holthauzen, A., Chatterjee, A., Zhang, H.L., Matsuura, T., Choudhary, S., and Ashizawa, T. (2015). Inactivation of PNKP by mutant ATXN3 triggers apoptosis by activating the DNA damage-response pathway in SCA3. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004834"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sies, H. (2020). Oxidative stress: Concept and some practical aspects. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090852"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkekas, I., Gioran, A., Boziki, M.K., Grigoriadis, N., Chondrogianni, N., and Petrakis, S. (2021). Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: Interconnected processes in polyQ diseases. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091450"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158198","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1158198","article-title":"Oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidants: Potential crosstalk in the pathophysiology of human diseases","volume":"11","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0717-7","article-title":"Axonal inclusions in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"120","author":"Seidel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1513","article-title":"Ataxin-3 protein and RNA toxicity in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: Current insights and emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"49","author":"Evers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00485","article-title":"Peripheral oxidative stress biomarkers in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3\/Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"8","author":"Saute","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr197","article-title":"FOXO4-dependent upregulation of superoxide dismutase-2 in response to oxidative stress is impaired in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"20","author":"Araujo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22011","article-title":"Decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased mitochondrial DNA damage in cellular models of Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"87","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2190","article-title":"Stressing the role of FoxO proteins in lifespan and disease","volume":"8","author":"Burgering","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, Y., Li, X., Zhu, X., Liu, X., Guo, C., Jia, D., and Tang, T.S. (2020). Determining the fate of neurons in SCA3: ATX3, a rising decision maker in response to DNA stresses and beyond. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.619911"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2589-7","article-title":"BCL-xL\/BCL2L1 is a critical anti-apoptotic protein that promotes the survival of differentiating pancreatic cells from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Loo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.170","article-title":"Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members in development","volume":"25","author":"Opferman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2016.07.002","article-title":"Physiological and pharmacological control of BAK, BAX, and beyond","volume":"26","author":"Chipuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.03.047","article-title":"Ataxin-3 protects cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the interaction between Bcl-X(L) and Bax","volume":"243","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16034","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513587200","article-title":"PUMA dissociates Bax and Bcl-X(L) to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells","volume":"281","author":"Ming","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20112023","article-title":"The Bcl-2 proteins Noxa and Bcl-xL co-ordinately regulate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis","volume":"444","author":"Eno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.07.011","article-title":"Polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3 activates mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by upregulating Bax and downregulating Bcl-xL","volume":"21","author":"Chou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00046-7","article-title":"Cell death: Critical control points","volume":"116","author":"Danial","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099320","article-title":"The pathophysiology of mitochondrial cell death","volume":"305","author":"Green","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.192","article-title":"Full-length expanded ataxin-3 enhances mitochondrial-mediated cell death and decreases Bcl-2 expression in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"324","author":"Tsai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.08.009","article-title":"T1-11 and JMF1907 ameliorate polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3-induced neurodegeneration, transcriptional dysregulation and ataxic symptom in the SCA3 transgenic mouse","volume":"99","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-016-0244-4","article-title":"The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway: Promising therapeutic target to counteract ROS-mediated damage in cancers and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.01.032","article-title":"Aqueous extract of Gardenia jasminoides targeting oxidative stress to reduce polyQ aggregation in cell models of spinocerebellar ataxia 3","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.011","article-title":"Caffeic acid and resveratrol ameliorate cellular damage in cell and Drosophila models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 through upregulation of Nrf2 pathway","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00798-1","article-title":"From pathogenesis to novel therapeutics for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: Evading potholes on the way to translation","volume":"16","author":"Maciel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14541","article-title":"Machado-Joseph disease\/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: Lessons from disease pathogenesis and clues into therapy","volume":"148","author":"Matos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154203","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1154203","article-title":"Regional and age-dependent changes in ubiquitination in cellular and mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000339207","article-title":"Patterns of mitochondrial DNA damage in blood and brain tissues of a transgenic mouse model of Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"11","author":"Kazachkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00196","article-title":"The truncated C-terminal fragment of mutant ATXN3 disrupts mitochondria dynamics in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 models","volume":"10","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.11.005","article-title":"p53 activation mediates polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3 upregulation of Bax expression in cerebellar and pontine nuclei neurons","volume":"58","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27986","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13315C","article-title":"Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Nimse","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909787602823","article-title":"Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: A review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options","volume":"7","author":"Uttara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riveros, M.E., \u00c1vila, A., Schruers, K., and Ezquer, F. (2022). Antioxidant biomolecules and their potential for the treatment of difficult-to-treat depression and conventional treatment-resistant depression. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030540"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes-Ramos, C.M., Pereira, T.C., Dogini, D.B., Gilioli, R., and Lopes-Cendes, I. (2016). Lithium carbonate and coenzyme Q10 reduce cell death in a cell model of Machado-Joseph disease. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 49.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20165805"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.L., Chang, J.C., Chao, Y.C., Chan, H., Hsieh, M., and Liu, C.S. (2022). In vitro efficacy and molecular mechanism of curcumin analog in pathological regulation of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071389"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.03.001","article-title":"Evidence of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) patient fibroblasts: Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on these parameters","volume":"34","author":"Cornelius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26088","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 and spinocerebellar ataxias","volume":"30","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00571","article-title":"Gene deregulation and underlying mechanisms in spinocerebellar ataxias with polyglutamine expansion","volume":"14","author":"Hache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2013.06.023","article-title":"Association between Machado\u2013Joseph disease and oxidative stress biomarkers","volume":"757","author":"Pacheco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selin, H. (2016). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7747-7"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16862","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16862","article-title":"Tianma Gouteng Yin, a traditional Chinese medicine decoction, exerts neuroprotective effects in animal and cellular models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0176-y","article-title":"A concise classification of bencao (materia medica)","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00123","article-title":"Network pharmacology databases for traditional Chinese medicine: Review and assessment","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450119666180326125252","article-title":"Flavonoids and its neuroprotective effects on brain ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"19","author":"Putteeraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lew, S.Y., Lim, S.H., Lim, L.W., and Wong, K.H. (2020). Neuroprotective effects of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. against high-dose corticosterone-induced oxidative stress in PC-12 cells. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03132-x"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"711","article-title":"Combination effects of curcumin and aqueous extract of Lignosus rhinocerotis mycelium on neurite outgrowth stimulation activity in PC-12 cells","volume":"8","author":"John","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.09919","article-title":"Antioxidant-mediated protective role of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. against oxidative damage in fibroblasts from Friedreich\u2019s ataxia patient","volume":"40","author":"Lew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00586","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine in depression treatment: From molecules to systems","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-3306","article-title":"A narrative review on traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and bioactive components in epilepsy treatment","volume":"11","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117317","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"319","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00731-x","article-title":"Therapy of traumatic brain injury by modern agents and traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976757","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.976757","article-title":"Application of natural antioxidants from traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2024, March 10). Clinicaltrials.gov. Chinese Medicine WT for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Identifier NCT05038306, Available online: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05038306."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12545","article-title":"Autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulino, R., and N\u00f3brega, C. (2023). Autophagy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: From pathogenesis to therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087405"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1362","article-title":"Inhibition of mTOR induces autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease","volume":"36","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2011.01220.x","article-title":"Cellular protein quality control and the evolution of aggregates in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3)","volume":"38","author":"Seidel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01091","article-title":"GST-4-dependent suppression of neurodegeneration in C. elegans models of Parkinson\u2019s and Machado-Joseph disease by rapeseed pomace extract supplementation","volume":"13","author":"Pohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.023","article-title":"Aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza inflata inhibits aggregation by upregulating PPARGC1A and NFE2L2-ARE pathways in cell models of spinocerebellar ataxia 3","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.005","article-title":"The protective effect of erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus mycelium ethanol extract on oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity in cell and Drosophila models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"195","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.018","article-title":"Neurotherapeutic effect of Hyptis spp. leaf extracts in Caenorhabditis elegans models of tauopathy and polyglutamine disease: Role of the glutathione redox cycle","volume":"162","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471659","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/471659","article-title":"Aqueous extract of Paeonia lactiflora and paeoniflorin as aggregation reducers targeting chaperones in cell models of spinocerebellar ataxia 3","volume":"2013","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8130481","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8130481","article-title":"Pueraria lobata and daidzein reduce cytotoxicity by enhancing ubiquitin-proteasome system function in SCA3-iPSC-derived neurons","volume":"2019","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X19500046","article-title":"Targeting ubiquitin proteasome pathway with traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pohl, F., and Lin, P.K.T. (2018). The potential use of plant natural products and plant extracts with antioxidant properties for the prevention\/treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: In vitro, in vivo and clinical trials. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123283"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.040","article-title":"NMR metabolomics of ripened and developing oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and turnip rape (Brassica rapa)","volume":"172","author":"Kortesniemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.002","article-title":"Effects of rapeseed variety and oil extraction method on the content and ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in rapeseed cake and softly processed rapeseed meal fed to broiler chickens","volume":"213","author":"Kasprzak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-014-2557-4","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of rapeseed extracts obtained by conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction","volume":"91","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-010-9907-4","article-title":"Enhancement of transport of curcumin to brain in mice by poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticle","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanopart Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0544-3","article-title":"Intranasal curcumin protects against LPS-induced airway remodeling by modulating toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression via affecting MAP kinases in mouse model","volume":"27","author":"Kumari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05469","article-title":"Reductive metabolites of curcumin and their therapeutic effects","volume":"6","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112829","article-title":"Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological and industrial applications of an important traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"257","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.011","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory evaluation of gardenia extract, geniposide and genipin","volume":"103","author":"Koo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19350","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191219350","article-title":"Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of oil from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides and its antidepressant activity","volume":"19","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"362","article-title":"Research and application progress of Gardenia jasminoides","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2008.17","article-title":"Effect of geniposide, a hypoglycemic glucoside, on hepatic regulating enzymes in diabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.1841","article-title":"Geniposide induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 via PI3K\/Nrf2-signaling to enhance the antioxidant capacity in primary hippocampal neurons","volume":"33","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00024","article-title":"A review on central nervous system effects of gastrodin","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.06.057","article-title":"The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume\u2014An ethnopharmacological review","volume":"189","author":"Zhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050775","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1050775","article-title":"Neuroprotection of Gastrodia elata polyphenols against H2O2-induced PC12 cell cytotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076807100012014","article-title":"The use of orchids in Chinese medicine","volume":"100","author":"Bulpitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.11.015","article-title":"Insights from molecular investigations of traditional Chinese herbal stroke medicines: Implications for neuroprotective epilepsy therapy","volume":"8","author":"Sucher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2008.12.004","article-title":"Botanicals and herbs: A traditional approach to treating epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Schachter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8870148","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8870148","article-title":"Gastrodia elata Blume (Tianma): Hope for brain aging and dementia","volume":"2020","author":"Heese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2362","article-title":"Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds","volume":"22","author":"Asl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580752","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neq062","article-title":"Peripheral nerve regeneration following crush injury to rat peroneal nerve by aqueous extract of medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)","volume":"2011","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i11.40","article-title":"Lion\u2019s mane, Hericium erinaceus and tiger milk, Lignosus rhinocerotis (higher basidiomycetes) medicinal mushrooms stimulate neurite outgrowth in dissociated cells of brain, spinal cord, and retina: An in vitro study","volume":"17","author":"Samberkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i3.10","article-title":"An overview of culinary and medicinal mushrooms in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma research","volume":"19","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.4006","article-title":"Hericium erinaceus extract reduces anxiety and depressive behaviors by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain","volume":"21","author":"Ryu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00546-8","article-title":"Neurogenesis-dependent antidepressant-like activity of Hericium erinaceus in an animal model of depression","volume":"16","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71966-z","article-title":"Hericium erinaceus potentially rescues behavioural motor deficits through ERK-CREB-PSD95 neuroprotective mechanisms in rat model of 3-acetylpyridine-induced cerebellar ataxia","volume":"10","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lew, S.Y., Phang, M.W.L., Chong, P.S., Roy, J., Poon, C.H., Yu, W.S., Lim, L.W., and Wong, K.H. (2022). Discovery of therapeutics targeting oxidative stress in autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia: A systematic review. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15060764"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chau, S.C., Chong, P.S., Jin, H., Tsui, K.C., Khairuddin, S., Tse, A.C.K., Lew, S.Y., Tipoe, G.L., Lee, C.W., and Fung, M.L. (2023). Hericium erinaceus promotes anti-inflammatory effects and regulation of metabolites in an animal model of cerebellar ataxia. Int. J. Mol., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076089"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.F., Tung, S.Y., Teng, C.C., Shen, C.H., Hsieh, M.C., Huang, C.Y., Lee, K.C., Lee, L.Y., Chen, W.P., and Chen, C.C. (2020). Post-treatment with erinacine A, a derived diterpenoid of H. erinaceus, attenuates neurotoxicity in MPTP model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020137"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordaro, M., Salinaro, A.T., Siracusa, R., D\u2019Amico, R., Impellizzeri, D., Scuto, M., Ontario, M.L., Cuzzocrea, S., Di Paola, R., and Fusco, R. (2021). Key mechanisms and potential implications of Hericium erinaceus in NLRP3 inflammasome activation by reactive oxygen species during Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111664"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, W.S., Fung, M.L., Lee, C.W., Lim, L.W., and Wong, K.H. (2022). The monkey head mushroom and memory enhancement in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152284"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico, R., Trovato Salinaro, A., Fusco, R., Cordaro, M., Impellizzeri, D., Scuto, M., Ontario, M.L., Lo Dico, G., Cuzzocrea, S., and Di Paola, R. (2021). Hericium erinaceus and Coriolus versicolor modulate molecular and biochemical changes after traumatic brain injury. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060898"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)94558-1","article-title":"Hericenone A and B as cytotoxic principles from the mushroom","volume":"31","author":"Kawagishi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/21501201003735556","article-title":"Hericenones and erinacines: Stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF) biosynthesis in Hericium erinaceus","volume":"1","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.1992.2475","article-title":"Erinapyrones A and B from the cultured mycelia of Hericium erinaceum","volume":"21","author":"Kawagishi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1021\/np50107a006","article-title":"Secondary mold metabolites: Part 46. Hericenes A-C and erinapyrone C, new metabolites produced by the fungus Hericium erinaceus","volume":"57","author":"Arnone","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.898145","article-title":"Bioactive metabolites from the mycelia of the basidiomycete Hericium erinaceum","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.010","article-title":"Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit (Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant protects the stomach against several gastric ulcer models","volume":"150","author":"Jesus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4869","article-title":"Hyptis pectinata: Redox protection and orofacial antinociception","volume":"27","author":"Melo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180278","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20180278","article-title":"Effect of salicylic acid and silver nitrate on rutin production by Hyptis marrubioides cultured in vitro","volume":"49","author":"Pedroso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106384","article-title":"Assessment of larvicidal and genotoxic potentials of extracts of Hyptis suaveolens against Culex quinquefasciatus based on enzyme profile and RAPD-PCR assay","volume":"229","author":"Aremu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.01.027","article-title":"Characterisation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit essential oil","volume":"134","author":"Raymundo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-021-00219-1","article-title":"A review on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit","volume":"7","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Futur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01054","article-title":"Efficacy, chemical constituents, and pharmacological actions of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae alba","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112222","article-title":"Paeonia lactiflora root extract suppresses cancer cachexia by down-regulating muscular NF-\u03baB signalling and muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer-bearing mice","volume":"246","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.03.011","article-title":"Paeonia lactiflora Pall inhibits bladder cancer growth involving phosphorylation of Chk2 in vitro and in vivo","volume":"135","author":"Ou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00010","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., a traditional Chinese herbal medicine","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"141","article-title":"Applications of Pueraria lobata in treating diabetics and reducing alcohol drinking","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.12.004","article-title":"Puerariae lobatae Radix with chuanxiong Rhizoma for treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke by remodeling gut microbiota to regulate the brain-gut barriers","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.96","article-title":"Radix Puerariae: An overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-010-1014-7","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from Pueraria lobata protect PC12 cells against A\u03b2-induced toxicity","volume":"33","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X19500022","article-title":"Puerarin reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats by targeting eNOS","volume":"47","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115701","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism of the antithrombotic effects of Pueraria lobata and Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii based on network pharmacology","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2014.03.006","article-title":"Traditional use and safety of herbal medicines","volume":"24","author":"Moreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01127.x","article-title":"Principles of early drug discovery","volume":"162","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.06.047","article-title":"Herbal medicinal products\u2014Evidence and tradition from a historical perspective","volume":"207","author":"Heinrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00350","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: Results of the FORWARD (Facilitation of Reporting in Hospital Ward) study","volume":"9","author":"Giardina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5125","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18055125","article-title":"Herb-herb combination for therapeutic enhancement and advancement: Theory, practice and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Che","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16612","article-title":"Prescription system to calculate precise doses of Chinese herbal medicine to avoid toxic effects","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7279361","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7279361","article-title":"Synergism of Chinese herbal medicine: Illustrated by Danshen compound","volume":"2016","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00414-x","article-title":"Therapeutic roles of natural remedies in combating hereditary ataxia: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Phang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z","article-title":"Natural products in drug discovery: Advances and opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Atanasov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00121","article-title":"Effects of intrinsic fluorescence and quenching on fluorescence-based screening of natural products","volume":"9","author":"Zou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"840","article-title":"Polyphenols can inhibit furin in vitro as a result of the reactivity of their auto-oxidation products to proteins","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001","article-title":"Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review","volume":"33","author":"Atanasov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkika, D.A., Tolkou, A.K., Lambropoulou, D.A., Bikiaris, D.N., Kokkinos, P., Kalavrouziotis, I.K., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2024). Application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as environmental separation tools. RSC Appl. Polym.","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LP00203A"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2005.02.002","article-title":"Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: Opportunities and challenges for biotechnology","volume":"23","author":"Canter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2018.05.012","article-title":"Derivation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (MUSIi004-A) from dermal fibroblasts of a 48-year-old spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 patient","volume":"30","author":"Ritthaphai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12219","article-title":"Animal and cellular models of Friedreich ataxia","volume":"126","author":"Perdomini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02702-9","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial data for successful new drug application for rare diseases in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Kubota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40673-020-00120-2","article-title":"Frequency of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, 2, 3,6 and 7 and clinical profile of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 in Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebellum Ataxias"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318247cc7a","article-title":"A randomized trial of varenicline (chantix) for the treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"78","author":"Zesiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1109","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1109","article-title":"Risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events associated with varenicline: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"350","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu422","article-title":"Dominant negative effect of polyglutamine expansion perturbs normal function of ataxin-3 in neuronal cells","volume":"24","author":"Logarinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2018.157","article-title":"RNA interference therapy for Machado-Joseph disease: Long-term safety profile of lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin RNAs targeting mutant ataxin-3","volume":"30","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-07-2314","article-title":"Side effects of retroviral gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"101","author":"Baum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2005.11.012","article-title":"Lentiviral vectors for use in the central nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.2691","article-title":"Patient monitoring and follow-up in lentiviral clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"McGarrity","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gene Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00902","article-title":"Collaborative efforts for spinocerebellar ataxia research in the United States: CRC-SCA and READISCA","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2017.0209","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-targeted deletion of polyglutamine in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3-derived induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"27","author":"Ouyang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, C., Ma, X., Gao, F., and Guo, Y. (2023). Off-target effects in CRISPR\/Cas9 gene editing. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1143157"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/3\/375\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:15:57Z","timestamp":1760105757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/3\/375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13030375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13030375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}}}