{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T20:28:21Z","timestamp":1792528101940,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Niacinamide (or nicotinamide) is a small-molecule hydrosoluble vitamin with essential metabolic functions in mammalian cells. Niacinamide has become a key functional ingredient in diverse skincare products and cosmetics. This vitamin plays a pivotal role in NAD+ synthesis, notably contributing to redox reactions and energy production in cutaneous cells. Via diversified biochemical mechanisms, niacinamide is also known to influence human DNA repair and cellular stress responses. Based on decades of safe use in cosmetics, niacinamide recently gained widespread popularity as an active ingredient which aligns with the \u201cKligman standards\u201d in skincare. From a therapeutic standpoint, the intrinsic properties of niacinamide may be applied to managing acne vulgaris, melasma, and psoriasis. From a cosmeceutical standpoint, niacinamide has been widely leveraged as a multipurpose antiaging ingredient. Therein, it was shown to significantly reduce cutaneous oxidative stress, inflammation, and pigmentation. Overall, through multimodal mechanisms, niacinamide may be considered to partially prevent and\/or reverse several biophysical changes associated with skin aging. The present narrative review provides multifactorial insights into the mechanisms of niacinamide\u2019s therapeutic and cosmeceutical functions. The ingredient\u2019s evolving role in skincare was critically appraised, with a strong focus on the biochemical mechanisms at play. Finally, novel indications and potential applications of niacinamide in dermal fillers and alternative injectable formulations were prospectively explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:42:30Z","timestamp":1711892550000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Mechanistic Insights into the Multiple Functions of Niacinamide: Therapeutic Implications and Cosmeceutical Applications in Functional Skincare Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"C\u00edntia","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Department, LOUNA REGENERATIVE SA, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Hadjab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Department, Albomed GmbH, D-90592 Schwarzenbruck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1603-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Porcello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Department, LOUNA REGENERATIVE SA, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Department, LOUNA REGENERATIVE SA, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Scaletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6054-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Abdel-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"STI School of Engineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1220-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Hirt-Burri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7346-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee Ann","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Oxford OSCAR Suzhou Center, Oxford University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5738-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"Manufacturing Department, LAM Biotechnologies SA, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"Manufacturing Department, TEC-PHARMA SA, CH-1038 Bercher, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilera-M\u00e9ndez, A. (2012). The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Niacin (B3), Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849734714-00108"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"990","article-title":"Niacin versus niacinamide","volume":"147","author":"Mattiussi","year":"1992","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2004.00228.x","article-title":"Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin","volume":"26","author":"Bissett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, December 04). Niacin\u2014Health Professional Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Niacin-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21650","article-title":"High doses of nicotinamide prevent oxidative mitochondrial dysfunction in a cellular model and improve motor deficit in a drosophila model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"86","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boo, Y.C. (2021). Mechanistic basis and clinical evidence for the applications of nicotinamide (niacinamide) to control skin aging and pigmentation. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081315"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.07.020","article-title":"Vitamin B3 forms as precursors to NAD+: Are they safe?","volume":"79","author":"Poljsak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabbagh, F., and Kim, B.-S. (2023). Ex vivo transdermal delivery of nicotinamide mononucleotide using polyvinyl alcohol microneedles. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15092031"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"70","article-title":"Subclinical pellagra: Its diagnosis and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"1970","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00313.x","article-title":"Effect of nicotinamide on newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetic children","volume":"27","author":"Kamal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02252945","article-title":"The effect of niacinamide on osteoarthritis: A pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Jonas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2005). Final report of the safety assessment of niacinamide and niacin. Int. J. Toxicol., 24, 1\u201331.","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810500434183"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1179\/135100099101534882","article-title":"Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) as an effective antioxidant against oxidative damage in rat brain mitochondria","volume":"4","author":"Kamat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"22","article-title":"How much do we really know about our favorite cosmeceutical ingredients?","volume":"3","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70211-4","article-title":"Cosmeceuticals","volume":"18","author":"Kligman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12119","article-title":"A review of nicotinamide: Treatment of skin diseases and potential side effects","volume":"13","author":"Rolfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, H., Shan, Y., Gong, R., Lin, D., Zhang, M., Wang, C., and Wang, L. (2023). Mechanism of action and therapeutic effects of oxidative stress and stem cell-based materials in skin aging: Current evidence and future perspectives. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1082403"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12551","article-title":"Evolution of the use of antioxidants in anti-ageing cosmetics","volume":"41","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2015.09.003","article-title":"The role of sirtuins in aging and age-related diseases","volume":"61","author":"Szukiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, X., Lin, P., Knoll, E., and Chakrabarti, R. (2014). Mechanism of inhibition of the human sirtuin enzyme SIRT3 by nicotinamide: Computational and experimental studies. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107729"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2095-2","article-title":"Role of SIRT1 in Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced human \u03b2-defensin-2 and interleukin-8 expression in A549 cell","volume":"394","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45099","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205670200","article-title":"Inhibition of silencing and accelerated aging by nicotinamide, a putative negative regulator of yeast Sir2 and human SIRT1","volume":"277","author":"Bitterman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01719-3","article-title":"Nicotinamide inhibits melanoma in vitro and in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Scatozza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1159\/000477417","article-title":"Sirtuins in skin and skin cancers","volume":"30","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.01.001","article-title":"Oxidation events and skin aging","volume":"21","author":"Kammeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506197","article-title":"A Phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention","volume":"373","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16017","DOI":"10.1038\/npjamd.2016.17","article-title":"It takes two to tango: NAD+ and sirtuins in aging\/longevity control","volume":"2","author":"Imai","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Aging Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46678-8","article-title":"Nicotinamide augments the anti-inflammatory properties of resveratrol through PARP1 activation","volume":"9","author":"Yanez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157591","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/157591","article-title":"Role of nicotinamide in DNA damage, mutagenesis, and DNA repair","volume":"2010","author":"Surjana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Acids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.006","article-title":"Niacin restriction upregulates NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human keratinocytes","volume":"44","author":"Benavente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221677","article-title":"Oxygen radicals generated by the enzyme xanthine oxidase lyse rat pancreatic islet cells in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Burkart","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.10.021","article-title":"Nicotinamide prevents UVB- and oxidative stress\u2013induced photoaging in human primary keratinocytes","volume":"142","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102853","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102853","article-title":"Therapeutic potentials of poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibition in multiple sclerosis and animal models: Concept revisiting","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2019.061","article-title":"Niacinamide protects skin cells from oxidative stress induced by particulate matter","volume":"27","author":"Zhen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs132","article-title":"PARPs and the DNA damage response","volume":"33","author":"Sousa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt017","article-title":"Nicotinamide enhances repair of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage in human keratinocytes and ex vivo skin","volume":"34","author":"Surjana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.03.039","article-title":"Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases","volume":"152","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv230","article-title":"Skin damage mechanisms related to airborne particulate matter exposure","volume":"149","author":"Magnani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakai, K., and Tsuruta, D. (2021). What are reactive oxygen species, free radicals, and oxidative stress in skin diseases?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910799"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1600389","article-title":"Nicotinamide decreases MHC class II but not MHC class I expression and increases intercellular adhesion molecule-1 structures in non-obese diabetic mouse pancreas","volume":"160","author":"Papaccio","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00808-4","article-title":"Nicotinamide inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme activity in macrophages by allowing nitric oxide to inhibit its own formation","volume":"61","author":"Andrade","year":"1997","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00025107","article-title":"Nicotinamide abrogates acute lung injury caused by ischaemia\/reperfusion","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00373-X","article-title":"Nicotinamide inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in primary rat glial cells","volume":"228","author":"Fujimura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-007-0120-3","article-title":"Protective effect of niacinamide on interleukin-1\u03b2-induced annulus fibrosus type II collagen degeneration in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Duan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"28","article-title":"The effect of alpha-tocopherol and nicotinamide on lipid peroxidation and the activity of the antioxidant system in the lung tissue of premature rat pups","volume":"56","author":"Nadzhimutdinov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eksperimental Naia Klin. Farmakol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"221","article-title":"H2O2 accumulation by catalase reduction changes MAP kinase signaling in aged human skin in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Shin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.66.641","article-title":"Radical scavenging activities of niacin-related compounds","volume":"66","author":"Ogata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"109","article-title":"The effect of nicotinamide on the enzymatic activity of the antioxidant defense in experimental diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Burda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ukr. Biokhimicheskii Zhurnal"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, I.U., Ahmad, R., Khan, I., Lee, H.J., Park, J., Ullah, R., Choi, M.J., Kang, H.Y., and Kim, M.O. (2021). Nicotinamide ameliorates amyloid beta-induced oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in adult mouse brain. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040408"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12002","article-title":"Topical 4% nicotinamide vs. 1% clindamycin in moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris","volume":"52","author":"Khodaeiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb04449.x","article-title":"Topical nicotinamide compared with clindamycin gel in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris","volume":"34","author":"Shalita","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S29537","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of a topical preparation containing nicotinamide, retinol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol in patients with acne: A gene expression study","volume":"5","author":"Emanuele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117585","article-title":"Nicotinamide reduces inflammation and oxidative stress via the cholinergic system in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats","volume":"250","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5084713","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5084713","article-title":"Nicotinamide ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in mice through its anti-inflammatory properties and modulates the gut microbiota","volume":"2021","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2011.07.003","article-title":"Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of nicotinamide and its isomers in different experimental models","volume":"99","author":"Godin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-008-0009-2","article-title":"1-Methylnicotinamide and nicotinamide: Two related anti-inflammatory agents that differentially affect the functions of activated macrophages","volume":"56","author":"Ciszek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.01.070","article-title":"PARP inhibition reduces acute colonic inflammation in rats","volume":"563","author":"Villegas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02031.x","article-title":"Nicotinamide is a potent inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"131","author":"Ungerstedt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006932714982","article-title":"Newly discovered anti-inflammatory properties of the benzamides and nicotinamides","volume":"193","author":"Pero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979109019705","article-title":"Nicotinamide and 3-aminobenzamide reduce interferon-\u03b3 -induced class II MHC (HLA-DR and -DP) molecule expression on cultured human endothelial cells and fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Otsuka","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-121808-102144","article-title":"The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: The dark side of tumor suppression","volume":"5","author":"Desprez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12651","article-title":"Niacinamide mitigates SASP-related inflammation induced by environmental stressors in human epidermal keratinocytes and skin","volume":"42","author":"Bierman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_286_17","article-title":"Nicotinamide: Mechanism of action and indications in dermatology","volume":"84","author":"Bains","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.69684","article-title":"NAD+-boosting molecules suppress mast cell degranulation and anaphylactic responses in mice","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, T.-M., Yang, T.-Y., and Huang, H.-C. (2022). Nicotinamide mononucleotide and coenzyme Q10 protects fibroblast senescence induced by particulate matter preconditioned mast cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147539"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"291","article-title":"Nicotinamide as a potential novel addition to the anti-uremic pruritus weaponry","volume":"20","author":"Namazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.8.1364","article-title":"Biochemically assisted antibiotic treatment of lethal murine Staphylococcus aureus septic shock","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13285","article-title":"Niacinamide leave-on formulation provides long-lasting protection against bacteria in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Mathapathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2119656","article-title":"Nicotinamide potentiates amphotericin B activity against Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Gong, T., Ma, Q., Jing, M., Zheng, T., Yan, J., Chen, J., Pan, Y., Sun, Q., and Zhou, X. (2022). Nicotinamide could reduce growth and cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans. J. Oral Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2022.2056291"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih, Y.-H., Liu, D., Chen, Y.-C., Liao, M.-H., Lee, W.-R., and Shen, S.-C. (2021). Activation of deoxyribonuclease I by nicotinamide as a new strategy to attenuate tetracycline-resistant biofilms of Cutibacterium acnes. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060819"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"8","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of clindamycin phosphate 1% and clindamycin phosphate 1% with nicotinamide gel 4% in the treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"69","author":"Dos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"138","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of topical clindamycin and nicotinamide combination with plain clindamycin for the treatment of acne vulgaris and acne resistant to topical antibiotics","volume":"69","author":"Sardesai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/14764170600717704","article-title":"The effect of 2% niacinamide on facial sebum production","volume":"8","author":"Draelos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300818","article-title":"Nicotinamide treatment ameliorates the course of experimental colitis mediated by enhanced neutrophil-specific antibacterial clearance","volume":"58","author":"Bettenworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"11","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in human skin disease","volume":"18","author":"Kenshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2021.12.029","article-title":"Small molecules enhance the potency of natural antimicrobial peptides","volume":"121","author":"Losasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11228","article-title":"ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation","volume":"487","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255478","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1255478","article-title":"Niacinamide enhances cathelicidin mediated SARS-CoV-2 membrane disruption","volume":"14","author":"Bhatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI62070","article-title":"C\/EBP\u03b5 mediates nicotinamide-enhanced clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in mice","volume":"122","author":"Kyme","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00113","article-title":"Neutrophil: A cell with many roles in inflammation or several cell types?","volume":"9","author":"Rosales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000337801","article-title":"Neutrophilic inflammation in severe asthma","volume":"158","author":"Nakagome","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13634","article-title":"What\u2019s new in the physiopathology of acne?","volume":"172","author":"Suh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13579","article-title":"The role of topical dermocosmetics in acne vulgaris","volume":"30","author":"Araviiskaia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabarra Almeida Leite, M., and Berardo Gon\u00e7alves Maia Campos, P.M. (2022). Clinical efficacy of a cosmetic formulation with vitamin B3 for the treatment of oily skin. Biomed. Biopharm. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.19277\/bbr.18.2.273"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"35","article-title":"Clinical comparison of topical 2.5% benzoyl peroxide plus 5% niacinamide to 2.5% benzoyl peroxide alone in the treatment of mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris","volume":"14","author":"Kaewsanit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlowska, J., Kaczmarkiewicz, A., Stachowiak, N., and Sionkowska, A. (2017). Evaluation of sebostatic activity of Juniperus communis fruit oil and Pelargonium graveolens oil compared to niacinamide. Cosmetics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics4030036"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"115","article-title":"Comparison of topical 5% nicotinamid gel versus 2% clindamycin gel in the treatment of the mild-moderate acne vulgaris: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Shahmoradi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6203","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14505","article-title":"Nicotinic acid suppresses sebaceous lipogenesis of human sebocytes via activating hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2)","volume":"23","author":"Markovics","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9869","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210695200","article-title":"Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid","volume":"278","author":"Wise","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837222","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.837222","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products in the skin: Molecular mechanisms, methods of measurement, and inhibitory pathways","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, W., Li, H., Go, Y., Chan, X.H., Huang, Q., and Wu, J. (2022). Research advances on the damage mechanism of skin glycation and related inhibitors. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214588"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2020_391","article-title":"Inhibitors of advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and accumulation","volume":"264","author":"Sourris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2005.31732","article-title":"Niacinamide: A B Vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance","volume":"31","author":"Bissett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"249","article-title":"Visualization of the melanosome transfer-inhibition in a mouse epidermal cell co-culture model","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"e379173","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma","volume":"2011","author":"Moncada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resende, D.I.S.P., Ferreira, M.S., Lobo, J.M.S., Sousa, E., and Almeida, I.F. (2022). Skin depigmenting agents in anti-aging cosmetics: A medicinal perspective on emerging ingredients. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12020775"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"29","article-title":"Topical niacinamide 4% and desonide 0.05% for treatment of axillary hyperpigmentation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Smoller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04834.x","article-title":"The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer","volume":"147","author":"Hakozaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4090","article-title":"A standardized protocol for assessing regulators of pigmentation","volume":"270","author":"Virador","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2005.00309.x","article-title":"Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible","volume":"14","author":"Greatens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12985","article-title":"Participation of keratinocyte- and fibroblast-derived factors in melanocyte homeostasis, the response to UV, and pigmentary disorders","volume":"34","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(03)00039-2","article-title":"Downregulation of NF-\u03baB activation in human keratinocytes by melanogenic inhibitors","volume":"31","author":"Ahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2003.11.003","article-title":"The role of collagen and elastin in aged skin: An image processing approach","volume":"35","author":"Tzaphlidou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s101","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12876053","article-title":"Cytokine modulation of keratinocyte cytokines","volume":"94","author":"Ansel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12439","article-title":"Practical application of cellular bioenergetics to the care of aged skin","volume":"169","author":"Osborne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics2020146","article-title":"Stimulation of the fibrillar collagen and heat shock proteins by nicotinamide or its derivatives in non-irradiated or UVA radiated fibroblasts, and direct anti-oxidant activity of nicotinamide derivatives","volume":"2","author":"Philips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60250-9","article-title":"Glycation changes molecular organization and charge distribution in type I collagen fibrils","volume":"10","author":"Bansode","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2000.03705.x","article-title":"Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier","volume":"143","author":"Tanno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"643","article-title":"Effects of niacinamide on ceramide biosynthesis and differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes","volume":"4","author":"Tanno","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a015370","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a015370","article-title":"Natural and sun-induced aging of human skin","volume":"5","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.11.1462","article-title":"Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging","volume":"138","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09244.x","article-title":"Topical nicotinamide modulates cellular energy metabolism and provides broad-spectrum protection against ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans","volume":"161","author":"Sivapirabu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Wertz, P.W. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.05.018","article-title":"Development and evaluation of niacinamide transdermal formulation by artificial membrane permeability","volume":"31","author":"Sohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.01.054","article-title":"In vitro permeation and disposition of niacinamide in silicone and porcine skin of skin barrier-mimetic formulations","volume":"520","author":"Haque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.11.065","article-title":"A comparison of the in vitro permeation of niacinamide in mammalian skin and in the parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA) model","volume":"556","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basto, R., Andrade, R., Nunes, C., Lima, S.A.C., and Reis, S. (2021). Topical delivery of niacinamide to skin using hybrid nanogels enhances photoprotection effect. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111968"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2020.1803908","article-title":"Nicotinamide extrudates as novel anti-aging and collagen promoting platform: A comparative cosmeceutical study versus the gel form","volume":"25","author":"Alyoussef","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.05.022","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of dissolving microneedle arrays for improving skin permeability of cosmetic ingredients","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Industr. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-Y., Yun, Y.-H., Ahn, G., and Yoon, S.-D. (2023). Preparation of niacinamide imprinted starch-based biomaterials for treating of hyperpigmentation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 232.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123382"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"291","article-title":"Clinical assessment of a mesotherapy formulation for skin rejuvenation in healthy volunteers","volume":"7","author":"Boisnic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cosm. Dermatol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.64529","article-title":"Mesotherapy\u2014The French connection","volume":"1","author":"Sivagnanam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-019-2578-7","article-title":"Elucidating the mechanism of absorption of fast-acting insulin aspart: The role of niacinamide","volume":"36","author":"Kildegaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porcello, A., Hadjab, F., Ajouaou, M., Philippe, V., Martin, R., Abdel-Sayed, P., Hirt-Burri, N., Scaletta, C., Raffoul, W., and Applegate, L.A. (2023). Ex vivo functional benchmarking of hyaluronan-based osteoarthritis viscosupplement products: Comprehensive assessment of rheological, lubricative, adhesive, and stability attributes. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9100808"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micheels, P., Porcello, A., Bezzola, T., Perrenoud, D., Quinodoz, P., Kalia, Y., All\u00e9mann, E., Laurent, A., and Jordan, O. (2024). Clinical perspectives on the injectability of cross-linked hyaluronic acid dermal fillers: A standardized methodology for commercial product benchmarking with inter-injector assessments. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10020101"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerbinati, N., Capillo, M.C., Sommatis, S., Maccario, C., Alonci, G., Rauso, R., Galadari, H., Guida, S., and Mocchi, R. (2022). Rheological investigation as tool to assess physicochemical stability of a hyaluronic acid dermal filler cross-linked with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and containing calcium hydroxyapatite, glycine and L-proline. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8050264"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, F., Albayati, M., and Dodou, K. (2023). Novel crosslinked HA hydrogel films for the immediate release of active ingredients. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10010006"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/4\/425\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:21:18Z","timestamp":1760106078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/4\/425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13040425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13040425","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]}}}