{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:55:24Z","timestamp":1792788924849,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Edith Cowan University"},{"name":"Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is in epidemic proportions in many parts of the world, contributing to increasing rates of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD represents a range of conditions from the initial stage of fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to severe fibrosis, through to hepatocellular carcinoma. There currently exists no treatment for the long-term management of NAFLD\/NASH, however, dietary interventions have been investigated for the treatment of NASH, including several polyphenolic compounds. Ellagic acid is one such polyphenolic compound. Nutraceutical food abundant in ellagic acid undergoes initial hydrolysis to free ellagic acid within the stomach and small intestine. The proposed mechanism of action of ellagic acid extends beyond its initial therapeutic potential, as it is further broken down by the gut microbiome into urolithin. Both ellagic acid and urolithin have been found to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, which are associated with NAFLD\/NASH. While progress has been made in understanding the pharmacological and biological activity of ellagic acid and its involvement in NAFLD\/NASH, it has yet to be fully elucidated. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarise the currently available literature elucidating the therapeutic potential of ellagic acid and its microbial-derived metabolite urolithin in NAFLD\/NASH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1713436252000},"page":"485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Ellagic Acid for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tharani","family":"Senavirathna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5763-531X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armaghan","family":"Shafaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Metabolomics and Computational Biology, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Lareu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5618-0555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lois","family":"Balmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30251","article-title":"Global Perspectives on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29724","article-title":"Current and future therapeutic regimens for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"68","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100556","article-title":"Causes of death in patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease and chronic viral Hepatitis B and C","volume":"27","author":"Golabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","article-title":"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease","volume":"67","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14910","article-title":"Natural history of NASH","volume":"41","author":"Armandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24127","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score and the histopathologic diagnosis in NAFLD: Distinct clinicopathologic meanings","volume":"53","author":"Brunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012","article-title":"The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"65","author":"Buzzetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31518","article-title":"Multiple parallel hits hypothesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Revisited after a decade","volume":"73","author":"Tilg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24001","article-title":"Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The multiple parallel hits hypothesis","volume":"52","author":"Tilg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152042","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1152042","article-title":"Current, emerging, and potential therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.54097\/hset.v36i.6281","article-title":"Current NASH Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Techniques and Treatments","volume":"36","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Highlights Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.03.041","article-title":"Clinical Trial Landscape in NASH","volume":"21","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0552-7","article-title":"Progression of non-alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis parallels cumulative accumulation of danger signals that promote inflammation and liver tumors in a high fat-cholesterol-sugar diet model in mice","volume":"13","author":"Ganz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfei, S., Marengo, B., and Zuccari, G. (2020). Oxidative stress, antioxidant capabilities, and bioavailability: Ellagic acid or urolithins?. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080707"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.01.010","article-title":"Antioxidant use in nutraceuticals","volume":"27","author":"Cornelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12975","article-title":"Natural antioxidants for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Molecular targets and clinical perspectives","volume":"36","author":"Salomone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012575","article-title":"Improvements in metabolic health with consumption of ellagic acid and subsequent conversion into urolithins: Evidence and mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.04.008","article-title":"Ellagic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in liver protection","volume":"97","author":"Zazueta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2019.1634175","article-title":"Ellagic acid prevents oxidative stress, inflammation, and histopathological alterations in acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats","volume":"17","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.04.027","article-title":"Ellagitannins, ellagic acid and their derived metabolites: A review about source, metabolism, functions and health","volume":"44","author":"Landete","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7001","article-title":"Role of ellagic acid for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases","volume":"35","author":"Aishwarya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2007.09.014","article-title":"Nutraceuticals: Facts and fiction","volume":"68","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20973","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From steatosis to cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Farrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.17.s3.31.x","article-title":"Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Definitions and pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Day","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcp158","article-title":"Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"103","author":"Dowman","year":"2010","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8591","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15058591","article-title":"Evolving Concepts in the Pathogenesis of NASH: Beyond Steatosis and Inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Peverill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00062-0","article-title":"Global multi-stakeholder endorsement of the MAFLD definition","volume":"7","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.030","article-title":"Estimating Global Prevalence of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight or Obese Adults","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"MAFLD: A consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100005","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2023-100005","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease increases risk of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"eGastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac321","article-title":"Global prevalence and clinical characteristics of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review of 10 739 607 individuals","volume":"107","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30333","article-title":"Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Toward Optimization of Their Relevance to Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Farrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2391","article-title":"Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Guilherme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.031","article-title":"Crosstalk between adipose tissue insulin resistance and liver macrophages in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"71","author":"Rosso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.020","article-title":"Metabolic inflammation\u2014A role for hepatic inflammatory pathways as drivers of comorbidities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?","volume":"158","author":"Gehrke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrescu, M., Vlaicu, S.I., Cium\u0103rnean, L., Milaciu, M.V., M\u0103rginean, C., Florea, M., Vesa, \u0218.C., and Popa, M. (2022). Chronic inflammation\u2014A link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dysfunctional adipose tissue. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58050641"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18070","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i48.18070","article-title":"Adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines, the key mediators in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Duvnjak","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831670","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/831670","article-title":"Adipokines in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: From pathogenesis to implications in diagnosis and therapy","volume":"2009","author":"Tsochatzis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-011-0121-7","article-title":"Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8162421","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8162421","article-title":"The Role of Tissue Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation on NAFLD Pathogenesis and Its Clinical Implications","volume":"2017","author":"Alisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.024935","article-title":"Cytokines and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"54","author":"Diehl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2018.03.003","article-title":"Cytokines and fatty liver diseases","volume":"2","author":"Niederreiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.06.083","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and signaling in chronic liver diseases","volume":"155","author":"Mansouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0104-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28356","article-title":"The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota","volume":"63","author":"Boursier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03011-w","article-title":"The links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"76","author":"Safari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.042","article-title":"High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity","volume":"137","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29735-6","article-title":"Palmitate-induced lipotoxicity is crucial for the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in cooperation with gut-derived endotoxin","volume":"8","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, J.Y., Groer, M., Dutra, S.V.O., Sarkar, A., and McSkimming, D.I. (2020). Gut microbiota and immune system interactions. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101587"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i32.7353","article-title":"Effects of different diets on intestinal microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32002","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota correlates with liver biochemistry in nonobese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76738","article-title":"Intestinal farnesoid X receptor signaling promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"125","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","article-title":"Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Sayin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154457","article-title":"Bile acids profile, histopathological indices and genetic variants for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression","volume":"116","author":"Nimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1677","article-title":"Bile-acid-induced cell injury and protection","volume":"15","author":"Perez","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20704","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141020704","article-title":"Multiple hits, including oxidative stress, as pathogenesis and treatment target in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)","volume":"14","author":"Takaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617805","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1617805","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Hepatic and Extrahepatic Dysfunctions during Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)","volume":"2020","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8082","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i25.8082","article-title":"Oxidative stress as a crucial factor in liver diseases","volume":"20","author":"Michalak","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.008","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"69","author":"Lebeaupin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5538","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The protective effects of pomegranate with its active component punicalagin","volume":"21","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2005.09.019","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in NASH and fatty liver model","volume":"33","author":"Sakaida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.01.009","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota and oxidative stress in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocarcinoma: Current and innovative therapeutic approaches","volume":"15","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23256","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities","volume":"120","author":"Sanyal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berardo, C., Di Pasqua, L.G., Cagna, M., Richelmi, P., Vairetti, M., and Ferrigno, A. (2020). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Current Issues and Future Perspectives in Preclinical and Clinical Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249646"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34275","article-title":"Contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: Lessons from genetically engineered mice","volume":"118","author":"Postic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G143","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00215.2015","article-title":"The role of liver progenitor cells during liver regeneration, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis","volume":"310","author":"Ramm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Tirnitz-Parker, J.E., Yeoh, G.C., and Olynyk, J.K. (2012). Liver Regeneration, InTech."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154925","article-title":"Insights into the molecular targets and emerging pharmacotherapeutic interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"126","author":"Negi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154203","article-title":"Current and emerging pharmacological options for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"111","author":"Polyzos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603926","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.603926","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review of Its Mechanism, Models and Medical Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1415-1","article-title":"Current and future pharmacological therapies for NAFLD\/NASH","volume":"53","author":"Sumida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12549","article-title":"Markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease","volume":"29","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597583","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.597583","article-title":"Pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH in Experimental Models: The Role of Food Intake Regulating Peptides","volume":"11","author":"Korinkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.12701\/yujm.2019.00171","article-title":"Pharmacologic therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis focusing on pathophysiology","volume":"36","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yeungnam Univ. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vancells Lujan, P., Vinas Esmel, E., and Sacanella Meseguer, E. (2021). Overview of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the role of sugary food consumption and other dietary components in its development. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051442"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14360","article-title":"The role of nutrition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology and management","volume":"40","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15024","article-title":"Diet and exercise in NAFLD\/NASH: Beyond the obvious","volume":"41","author":"Semmler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perdomo, C.M., Fr\u00fchbeck, G., and Escalada, J. (2019). Impact of nutritional changes on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030677"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"258","article-title":"A Review on the Role of Low Glycemic Index Foods for Glycemic Control in Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"14","author":"Bhoite","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2019.0038","article-title":"The effect of low glycemic index and glycemic load diets on hepatic fat mass, insulin resistance, and blood lipid panels in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Cheah, M.C., McCullough, A.J., and Goh, G.B. (2019). Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpi, R.Z., Barbalho, S.M., Sloan, K.P., Laurindo, L.F., Gonzaga, H.F., Grippa, P.C., Zutin, T.L.M., Girio, R.J., Repetti, C.S.F., and Detregiachi, C.R.P. (2022). The effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in non-alcoholic fat liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158805"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicero, A.F.G., Colletti, A., and Bellentani, S. (2018). Nutraceutical Approach to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): The Available Clinical Evidence. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091153"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rives, C., Fougerat, A., Ellero-Simatos, S., Loiseau, N., Guillou, H., Gamet-Payrastre, L., and Wahli, W. (2020). Oxidative stress in NAFLD: Role of nutrients and food contaminants. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121702"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00915.x","article-title":"Predictors of dropout in weight loss interventions: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Moroshko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.01.021","article-title":"Therapy for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Options and Future Directions","volume":"43","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00832-z","article-title":"NASH: Regulatory considerations for clinical drug development and US FDA approval","volume":"43","author":"Harvey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2019.06.003","article-title":"Antidiabetic Drugs and Statins in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Kothari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.08.038","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 decreases lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"64","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003995","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003995","article-title":"Liraglutide efficacy and action in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): Study protocol for a phase II multicentre, double-blinded, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00803-X","article-title":"Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study","volume":"387","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028395","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous semaglutide in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"384","author":"Newsome","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060326","article-title":"A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone in Subjects with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"355","author":"Belfort","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907929","article-title":"Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"362","author":"Sanyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"67","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.03.016","article-title":"The role of thiazolidinediones in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis\u2014A systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"55","author":"Mahady","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2036205","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of the pan-PPAR agonist lanifibranor in NASH","volume":"385","author":"Francque","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2017.0103","article-title":"NASH Therapy: Omega 3 supplementation, vitamin E, insulin sensitizers and statin drugs","volume":"23","author":"Caldwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132446","article-title":"Vitamin E, oxidative stress, and inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1437","article-title":"Vitamin E and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"306","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.864","article-title":"Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E on Risk of Prostate Cancer and Other Cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"301","author":"Lippman","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31819cdc9a","article-title":"Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"17","author":"Saremi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25762","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association","volume":"55","author":"Chalasani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0664","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hypercholesterolemia: Roles of thyroid hormones, metabolites, and agonists","volume":"29","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32517-6","article-title":"Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"394","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02603-1","article-title":"Resmetirom for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"29","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0358-9","article-title":"Ellagic acid attenuates high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats","volume":"52","author":"Panchal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0633-9492","article-title":"A pharmacological update of ellagic acid","volume":"84","author":"Giner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/12.12.2227","article-title":"The crystal and molecular structure of ellagic acid dihydrate: A dietary anti-cancer agent","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<1118::AID-JSFA570>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Ellagitannins\u2013nature, occurrence and dietary burden","volume":"80","author":"Clifford","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1137601","article-title":"Beneficial effects of ellagic acid against animal models of scopolamine-and diazepam-induced cognitive impairments","volume":"54","author":"Mansouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112443","article-title":"Combined treatment of sinapic acid and ellagic acid attenuates hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"156","author":"Koyun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8773","DOI":"10.1021\/jf300671j","article-title":"Polyphenols and health: Current state and progress","volume":"60","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925855","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.925855","article-title":"Ellagic acid: A dietary-derived phenolic compound for drug discovery in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8264716","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8264716","article-title":"Absorption and Metabolism of Urolithin A and Ellagic Acid in Mice and Their Cytotoxicity in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"2023","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-003-0396-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the bioavailability and metabolism in the rat of punicalagin, an antioxidant polyphenol from pomegranate juice","volume":"42","author":"Llorach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"270418","article-title":"Biological Significance of Urolithins, the Gut Microbial Ellagic Acid-Derived Metabolites: The Evidence So Far","volume":"2013","author":"Larrosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6535","DOI":"10.1021\/jf5024615","article-title":"Ellagic Acid Metabolism by Human Gut Microbiota: Consistent Observation of Three Urolithin Phenotypes in Intervention Trials, Independent of Food Source, Age, and Health Status","volume":"62","author":"Selma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049144d","article-title":"Metabolism of antioxidant and chemopreventive ellagitannins from strawberries, raspberries, walnuts, and oak-aged wine in humans: Identification of biomarkers and individual variability","volume":"53","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2010.09.005","article-title":"Ellagitannins, ellagic acid and vascular health","volume":"31","author":"Larrosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1359171","article-title":"Antioxidant potential assessment of phenolic and flavonoid rich fractions of Clematis orientalis and Clematis ispahanica (Ranunculaceae)","volume":"32","author":"Karimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-1575(89)90005-7","article-title":"Extraction, stability, and quantitation of ellagic acid in various fruits and nuts","volume":"2","author":"Daniel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S344","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_395_16","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of various solvent fractions from Clerodendrum viscosum leaves","volume":"13","author":"Shendge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"205","article-title":"The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolised into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxy\u20136H\u2013dibenzopyran\u20136\u2013one derivatives by the colonic microflora of healthy humans","volume":"43","author":"Parra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0527403","article-title":"Urolithins, ellagic acid-derived metabolites produced by human colonic microflora, exhibit estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities","volume":"54","author":"Larrosa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800636","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800636","article-title":"Dietary black raspberries impact the colonic microbiome and phytochemical metabolites in mice","volume":"63","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103894m","article-title":"UV and MS identification of urolithins and nasutins, the bioavailable metabolites of ellagitannins and ellagic acid in different mammals","volume":"59","author":"Truchado","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500901","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500901","article-title":"Urolithins, the rescue of \u201cold\u201d metabolites to understand a \u201cnew\u201d concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status","volume":"61","author":"Selma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11099","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b04435","article-title":"Identification of novel urolithin metabolites in human feces and urine after the intake of a pomegranate extract","volume":"67","author":"Selma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00956B","article-title":"The gut microbiota urolithin metabotypes revisited: The human metabolism of ellagic acid is mainly determined by aging","volume":"9","author":"Selma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.055095-0","article-title":"Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens sp. nov., a urolithin-producing bacterium isolated from the human gut","volume":"64","author":"Selma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Utilization of Urolithin A\u2014A Natural Polyphenol Metabolite of Ellagitannins as a Modulator of the Gut Microbiota for Its Potential Use in Obesity Therapy","volume":"79","author":"Abdulrahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2036693","article-title":"Ellagic acid and intestinal microflora metabolite urolithin A: A review on its sources, metabolic distribution, health benefits, and biotransformation","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002735","article-title":"Ellagibacter isourolithinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Eggerthellaceae, isolated from human gut","volume":"68","author":"Selma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00092G","article-title":"Description of urolithin production capacity from ellagic acid of two human intestinal Gordonibacter species","volume":"5","author":"Selma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2009.1661.1664","article-title":"Bioavailability of ellagic acid after single dose administration using HPLC","volume":"8","author":"Hamad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6582","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01683J","article-title":"Bioavailability and bioactivity of free ellagic acid compared to pomegranate juice","volume":"10","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1s-Barberan, F.A., Esp\u00edn, J.C., and Garc\u00eda-Conesa, M.T. (2009). Chemistry and Biology of Ellagitannins: An Underestimated Class of Bioactive Plant Polyphenols, World Scientific."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2007.650","article-title":"Pomegranate juice and extracts provide similar levels of plasma and urinary ellagitannin metabolites in human subjects","volume":"11","author":"Seeram","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8797","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402498b","article-title":"Time Course Production of Urolithins from Ellagic Acid by Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Selma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114870","article-title":"Systematic characterization of the metabolites of defatted walnut powder extract in vivo and screening of the mechanisms against NAFLD by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS combined with network pharmacology","volume":"285","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270005279636","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and ellagic acid in healthy volunteers fed freeze-dried black raspberries daily for 7 days","volume":"45","author":"Stoner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"263","article-title":"The effects of ellagic acid on some biochemical parameters in the liver of rats against oxidative stress induced by aluminum","volume":"16","author":"Celik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3310-3","article-title":"Ellagic acid in suppressing in vivo and in vitro oxidative stresses","volume":"448","author":"Zeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.07.006","article-title":"Ellagic and ferulic acids alleviate gamma radiation and aluminium chloride-induced oxidative damage","volume":"160","author":"Salem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000048864","article-title":"Less damaging effect of whisky in rat stomachs in comparison with pure ethanol","volume":"64","author":"Iino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01493-X","article-title":"Effect of ellagic acid on gastric damage induced in ischemic rat stomachs following ammonia or reperfusion","volume":"70","author":"Iino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011275g","article-title":"Free radical studies of ellagic acid, a natural phenolic antioxidant","volume":"50","author":"Priyadarsini","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)00127-3","article-title":"Modulation of TCDD-induced fetotoxicity and oxidative stress in embryonic and placental tissues of C57BL\/6J mice by vitamin E succinate and ellagic acid","volume":"124","author":"Hassoun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.04.052","article-title":"Spectroscopic studies on the antioxidant activity of ellagic acid","volume":"130","author":"Kilic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.03.013","article-title":"Reduction of oxidative stress and apoptosis in hyperlipidemic rabbits by ellagic acid","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2011.00173.x","article-title":"Phenol-based antioxidants and the in vitro methods used for their assessment","volume":"11","author":"Craft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1080\/1071576021000016463","article-title":"Interactions of flavonoids with iron and copper ions: A mechanism for their antioxidant activity","volume":"36","author":"Mira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1191\/096032799678839563","article-title":"Ellagic acid ameliorates nickel induced biochemical alterations: Diminution of oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, P., Yeoh, B.S., Singh, R., Chandrasekar, B., Vemula, P.K., Haribabu, B., Vijay-Kumar, M., and Jala, V.R. (2016). Gut microbiota conversion of dietary ellagic acid into bioactive phytoceutical urolithin A inhibits heme peroxidases. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156811"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1021\/tx500065y","article-title":"Ellagic acid: An unusually versatile protector against oxidative stress","volume":"27","author":"Galano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"983","article-title":"A rapid screening assay for antioxidant potential of natural and synthetic agents in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.84236","article-title":"Ellagic acid ameliorates lung injury after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"7","author":"Kapan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1694","article-title":"Interaction between ellagic acid and calf thymus DNA studied with flow linear dichroism UV\u2013VIS spectroscopy","volume":"265","author":"Thulstrup","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(87)90092-9","article-title":"Ellagic acid metabolism and binding to DNA in organ explant cultures of the rat","volume":"36","author":"Teel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.693","article-title":"Oxidatively generated DNA damage after Cu (II) catalysis of dopamine and related catecholamine neurotransmitters and neurotoxins: Role of reactive oxygen species","volume":"50","author":"Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20465","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320","article-title":"Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.06.045","article-title":"Dietary ellagic acid improves oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis: Role of Nrf2 activation","volume":"175","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"269","article-title":"Ellagic acid plays a protective role against UV-B-induced oxidative stress by up-regulating antioxidant components in human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"20","author":"Baek","year":"2016","journal-title":"KJPP"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.07.005","article-title":"Ellagic acid protects Lipopolysaccharide\/D-galactosamine-induced acute hepatic injury in mice","volume":"22","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-014-3289-0","article-title":"Ellagic acid inhibits PKC signaling by improving antioxidant defense system in murine T cell lymphoma","volume":"41","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5698931","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5698931","article-title":"Does the interdependence between oxidative stress and inflammation explain the antioxidant paradox?","volume":"2016","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0702.104279","article-title":"Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year","volume":"105","author":"Ziccardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0311152","article-title":"Fatty acid-induced insulin resistance: Role of insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation in the retroregulation of insulin signalling","volume":"31","author":"Gual","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Lopez-Parra, V., Mallavia, B., Egido, J., and Gomez-Guerrero, C. (2012). Diabetic Nephropathy, InTech."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.12.014","article-title":"Attenuation of diabetic nephropathy by tocotrienol: Involvement of NFkB signaling pathway","volume":"84","author":"Kuhad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.05.011","article-title":"Ellagic acid, an NF-\u03baB inhibitor, ameliorates renal function in experimental diabetic nephropathy","volume":"219","author":"Ahad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh021","article-title":"Nitric oxide induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse skin through activation of NF-\u03baB","volume":"25","author":"Chun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.02.004","article-title":"Ellagic acid protects against carrageenan-induced acute inflammation through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B, inducible cyclooxygenase and proinflammatory cytokines and enhancement of interleukin-10 via an antioxidant mechanism","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508966666","article-title":"Modulation of signalling nuclear factor-\u03baB activation pathway by polyphenols in human intestinal Caco-2 cells","volume":"100","author":"Romier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00384E","article-title":"Inhibition of allergic airway inflammation through the blockage of NF-\u03baB activation by ellagic acid in an ovalbumin-induced mouse asthma model","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b00921","article-title":"Ellagic acid, a dietary polyphenol, inhibits tautomerase activity of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its pro-inflammatory responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"63","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60443H","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of a pomegranate husk extract on inflamed adipocytes and macrophages cultivated independently, but not on the inflammatory vicious cycle between adipocytes and macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Winand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.177908","article-title":"Quantitative analysis and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of gallic acid, ellagic acid, and quercetin from Radix Sanguisorbae","volume":"12","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/35053000","article-title":"The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes","volume":"409","author":"Steppan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092341","article-title":"Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin","volume":"303","author":"Banerjee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.12.067","article-title":"Ellagic acid in pomegranate suppresses resistin secretion by a novel regulatory mechanism involving the degradation of intracellular resistin protein in adipocytes","volume":"417","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.03.100","article-title":"Ellagic acid improves hepatic steatosis and serum lipid composition through reduction of serum resistin levels and transcriptional activation of hepatic ppara in obese, diabetic KK-Ay mice","volume":"434","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"3848084","article-title":"Ellagic Acid: A Review on Its Natural Sources, Chemical Stability, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"2022","author":"Quispe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4514.2005.00031.x","article-title":"Biological functionality of ellagic acid: A review","volume":"29","author":"Vattem","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7674","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3013663","article-title":"Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) and wine phytochemicals prevented obesity-associated metabolic complications in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"60","author":"Gourineni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14014","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14014","article-title":"Punicalagin, an active component in pomegranate, ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial impairment in obese rats via AMPK activation","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2004.12.003","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: Ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism","volume":"1","author":"Kahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.02.006","article-title":"Raspberry seed flour attenuates high-sucrose diet-mediated hepatic stress and adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"32","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.11.016","article-title":"Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in kernels, oil and bagasse pellets of common walnut (Juglans regia L.)","volume":"67","author":"Slatnar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.08.117","article-title":"Development of a rapid method to determine phenolic and other polar compounds in walnut by capillary electrophoresis\u2013electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"1209","author":"Verardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.11.158","article-title":"Comprehensive identification of walnut polyphenols by liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap\u2013Orbitrap mass spectrometry","volume":"152","author":"Regueiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113814","article-title":"Anti-NAFLD effect of defatted walnut powder extract in high fat diet-induced C57BL\/6 mice by modulating the gut microbiota","volume":"270","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120751","article-title":"Ellagic acid ameliorates high fructose-induced hyperuricemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver in Wistar rats: Focusing on the role of C1q\/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 and ATP citrate lyase","volume":"305","author":"Elseweidy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170343","article-title":"The molecular physiology of uric acid homeostasis","volume":"77","author":"Mandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40732","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.399899","article-title":"Uric acid induces hepatic steatosis by generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress: Potential role in fructose-dependent and-independent fatty liver","volume":"287","author":"Lanaspa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1032","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00518.2020","article-title":"High uric acid induces liver fat accumulation via ROS\/JNK\/AP-1 signaling","volume":"320","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, K., Zhao, X., Fu, X., Xu, K., Li, Z., Miao, L., Li, Y., Cai, Z., Qiao, L., and Bao, J. (2019). Gender effect of hyperuricemia on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A clinical analysis and mechanistic study. Biomed. Pharmacother., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109158"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000091","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000091","article-title":"Ellagic Acid and Its Microbial Metabolite Urolithin A Alleviate Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Mice","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0470053","article-title":"Mitochondrial proton and electron leaks","volume":"47","author":"Jastroch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2174\/157339906777950660","article-title":"Uncoupling proteins: Role in insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency","volume":"2","author":"Harper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c05776","article-title":"Ellagitannins-Derived Intestinal Microbial Metabolite Urolithin A Ameliorates Fructose-Driven Hepatosteatosis by Suppressing Hepatic Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming and Inducing Lipophagy","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970292","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.970292","article-title":"The AMPK pathway in fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02492-8","article-title":"Urolithin C reveals anti-NAFLD potential via AMPK-ferroptosis axis and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"396","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capelletti, M.M., Manceau, H., Puy, H., and Peoc\u2019h, K. (2020). Ferroptosis in Liver Diseases: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144908"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2732-5","article-title":"The emerging role of ferroptosis in non-cancer liver diseases: Hype or increasing hope?","volume":"11","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S268146","article-title":"Urolithins Attenuate Multiple Symptoms of Obesity in Rats Fed on a High-Fat Diet","volume":"13","author":"Abdulrahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2184.2003.00287.x","article-title":"Stages of activation of hepatic stellate cells: Effects of ellagic acid, an inhibiter of liver fibrosis, on their differentiation in culture","volume":"36","author":"Buniatian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.10.012","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica L. on hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00284G","article-title":"Ellagic acid ameliorates AKT-driven hepatic steatosis in mice by suppressing de novo lipogenesis via the AKT\/SREBP-1\/FASN pathway","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2007.07.009","article-title":"Modulation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) as potential treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19459-z","article-title":"FASN inhibition targets multiple drivers of NASH by reducing steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in preclinical models","volume":"12","author":"Duke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02117-8","article-title":"Lipid metabolism, inflammation, and foam cell formation in health and metabolic disorders: Targeting mTORC1","volume":"99","author":"Cheon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, J., Qiu, S., Zhou, S., Tan, Y., Bai, Y., Cao, H., Guo, J., and Su, Z. (2022). mTOR: A potential new target in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169196"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6322","article-title":"Does pomegranate consumption affect weight and body composition? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"33","author":"Gheflati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900152","article-title":"Occurrence of urolithins, gut microbiota ellagic acid metabolites and proliferation markers expression response in the human prostate gland upon consumption of walnuts and pomegranate juice","volume":"54","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.12.001","article-title":"Support Ellagic Acid Therapy in Patients with Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer (HRPC) on Standard Chemotherapy Using Vinorelbine and Estramustine Phosphate","volume":"47","author":"Falsaperla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-2290","article-title":"Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Pantuck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00522.x","article-title":"Efficiency of ellagic acid and arbutin in melasma: A randomized, prospective, open-label study","volume":"35","author":"Ertam","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.52.383","article-title":"Effects of Oral Administration of Ellagic Acid-Rich Pomegranate Extract on Ultraviolet-Induced Pigmentation in the Human Skin","volume":"52","author":"Kasai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/4\/485\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:08Z","timestamp":1760106608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/4\/485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"references-count":222,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13040485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13040485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]}}}