{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:58:56Z","timestamp":1789610336544,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANID","award":["1191682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1191682"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The frequency of early frosts has increased in recent years, which are injurious to olive growing, causing losses in the yield and quality of virgin olive oil. In this research, it was studied how the management of agronomic factors mitigates frost damage in Arbequina olives, minimizing the loss of phenols and volatiles in virgin olive oil, at different fruit ripening stages. A Box\u2013Behnken design and multivariate analysis were performed, with three levels of irrigation, potassium fertilization, and foliar copper application (15 treatments). Virgin olive oil was extracted from fresh and frozen olives. Light frost caused a significant decrease in the total phenols and secoiridoid compounds in and the antioxidant capacity of the frost-affected oils, which were perceived as more pungent and had the slight defect of \u201cfrostbitten olives\u201d. According to the Box\u2013Behnken design, an 86% reference evapotranspiration (ET0) or higher with 100 potassium oxide units (UK2O) and a 100% ET0 or higher with 250 UK2O would be required to minimize the effect of light frost on phenols and volatiles. Partial Least Squares Regression\u2013Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) differentiated the virgin olive oils according to their ripening stage and fresh and frost conditions. Moreover, PLS-DA positively correlated a 75\u2013100% ET0 and 0 Uk2O with the dialdehydic form of the decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycone (p-HPEA-EDA), the dialdehydic form of the decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone (3,4-DHPEA-EDA), the dialdehydic form of the ligstroside aglycone (p-HPEA-EDA-DLA), and with fruity, pungent, and bitter attributes. Precision agronomic management based on the needs of the crop itself would avoid unnecessary stress on olive trees and oil damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T10:33:31Z","timestamp":1714559611000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Management of Irrigation and Potassium Fertilization to Mitigate the Effect of Light Frosts on the Phenolic and Volatile Compounds in Virgin Olive Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Suony","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Pozas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0723-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Saavedra-Torrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Alimentos, DataChem Analytics, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340025, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Donders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panel de Cata Aceite de Oliva Virgen UTEM, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matem\u00e1tica y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800002, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panel de Cata Aceite de Oliva Virgen UTEM, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matem\u00e1tica y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800002, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betsabet","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Para el Desarrollo de la Qu\u00edmica\u2014CEPEDEQ, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA Intihuasi), La Serena 1700000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0735-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego L.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2342-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nalda","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2023.103603","article-title":"The EU Policy on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Circular Economy: Moving towards a Nexus Approach","volume":"151","author":"Paleari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. 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