{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:43:41Z","timestamp":1790016221467,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteins are essential molecules that play crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and carrying out biological functions such as catalyzing biochemical reactions, structural proteins, immune response, etc. However, proteins also are highly susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In this review, we summarize the role of protein oxidation in normal aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). The major emphasis of this review article is on the carbonylation and nitration of proteins in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The oxidatively modified proteins showed a strong correlation with the reported changes in brain structure, carbohydrate metabolism, synaptic transmission, cellular energetics, etc., of both MCI and AD brains compared to the controls. Some proteins were found to be common targets of oxidation and were observed during the early stages of AD, suggesting that those changes might be critical in the onset of symptoms and\/or formation of the pathological hallmarks of AD. Further studies are required to fully elucidate the role of protein oxidation and nitration in the progression and pathogenesis of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T09:03:38Z","timestamp":1715072618000},"page":"574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Protein Oxidation in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Brain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rukhsana","family":"Sultana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3254-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Allan","family":"Butterfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05060-6","article-title":"Determination of the production of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria","volume":"105","author":"Boveris","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-2997(85)90001-9","article-title":"The importance of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human diseases","volume":"8","author":"Halliwell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. 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