{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:02:36Z","timestamp":1789074156873,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Startups (MSS), Korea","award":["S3370592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3370592"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Startups (MSS), Korea","award":["S3285193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3285193"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Startups (MSS), Korea","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]},{"name":"Technology development program","award":["S3370592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3370592"]}]},{"name":"Technology development program","award":["S3285193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3285193"]}]},{"name":"Technology development program","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]},{"name":"Dongguk University Research Fund","award":["S3370592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3370592"]}]},{"name":"Dongguk University Research Fund","award":["S3285193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3285193"]}]},{"name":"Dongguk University Research Fund","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biological activities of hesperidin-related compounds, such as hesperetin laurate (HTL), hesperetin (HT), hesperidin (HD), and hesperidin glucoside (HDG), were investigated in vitro. The compounds showed different hydrophobicities, and the octanol\u2013water partition coefficient log P were 7.28 \u00b1 0.06 for HTL, 2.59 \u00b1 0.04 for HT, 2.13 \u00b1 0.03 for HD, and \u22123.45 \u00b1 0.06 for HDG, respectively. In the DPPH assay and \u03b2-carotene bleaching assay to determine antioxidant capacity, all compounds tested showed antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner, although to varying degrees. HTL and HT showed similarly high activities compared to HD or HDG. HD and HDG did not show a significant difference despite the difference in solubility between the two. Cytotoxicity was high; in the order of hydrophobicity\u2014HTL &gt; HT &gt; HD &gt; HDL in keratinocyte HaCaT cells. All compounds tested showed reducing effects on cellular inflammatory mediators and cytokines induced by UV irradiation. However, HTL and HT effectively reduced nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels compared to HD and HDG. The inhibitory effects of hesperidin-related compounds on skin-resident microorganisms were evaluated by measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). HTL showed the highest inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus,\u00a0Cutibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, and Malassezia furfur, followed by HT, while HD and HDF showed little effect. In conclusion, the hydrophobicity of hesperidin-related compounds was estimated to be important for biological activity in vitro, as was the presence or absence of the sugar moiety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T08:52:10Z","timestamp":1718355130000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["In Vitro Biological Activities of Hesperidin-Related Compounds with Different Solubility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3992-3195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo-Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyunghee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Youngjin Bio Co., Suwon 16614, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Ki","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bog-Im","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Anyang University, Anyang 14028, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4741-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Ae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Anyang University, Anyang 14028, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.10.3248S","article-title":"Overview of dietary flavonoids: Nomenclature, occurrence and intake","volume":"133","author":"Beecher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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