{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:16:10Z","timestamp":1790662570975,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of P\u00e9cs, Faculty of Pharmacy\u2014Clinical Centre Collaboration Funding","award":["PTE GYTK-KK Kollab 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTE GYTK-KK Kollab 2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. There is a growing demand for novel and natural substances as complementary therapies. Essential oils and their various compounds are highly investigated natural plant-based products as potential treatment options for common human diseases, such as microbial infections, chronic diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The present study focuses on the beneficial effects of linalool and geraniol, the major compounds of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L\u2019H\u00e9r. in Aiton) essential oils, on oxidative stress, inflammation, and iron metabolism of the rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced in vitro Parkinson\u2019s models. The experiments were carried out on all-trans retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The effects of linalool and geraniol were compared to rasagiline, an MAO-B inhibitor. The results revealed that both essential oil compounds reduce the level of reactive oxygen species and alter the antioxidant capacity of the cells. They lower the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1\u03b2 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, linalool and geraniol change the expression of iron-related genes, such as the iron importer transferrin receptor 1, heme-oxygenase-1, and ferroportin iron exporter, and influence the intracellular iron contents. In addition, it has been unveiled that iron availability is concatenated with the actions of the essential oil compounds. Based on the results, linalool and geraniol are vigorous candidates as an alternative therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T12:38:20Z","timestamp":1722515900000},"page":"917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Linalool and Geraniol Defend Neurons from Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Iron Accumulation in In Vitro Parkinson\u2019s Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5012-3242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edina","family":"Pandur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School\u2014Clinical Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor","family":"R\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School\u2014Clinical Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6706-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-2412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienne","family":"Csutak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School\u2014Clinical Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5344-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gy\u00f6rgyi","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"403","author":"Darweesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Tackling Parkinson\u2019s Disease as a Global Challenge","volume":"13","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, H., Gopinath, S.C.B., Md Arshad, M.K., Adam, T., Parmin, N.A., Husein, I., and Hashim, U. (2023). An Update on Pathogenesis and Clinical Scenario for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment. 3 Biotech, 13.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-023-03553-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs-Valasek, A., R\u00e1k, T., P\u00f6sty\u00e9ni, E., Csutak, A., and G\u00e1briel, R. (2023). Three Major Causes of Metabolic Retinal Degenerations and Three Ways to Avoid Them. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108728"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Benito, M., Granado, N., Garc\u00eda-Sanz, P., Michel, A., Dumoulin, M., and Moratalla, R. (2020). Modeling Parkinson\u2019s Disease with the Alpha-Synuclein Protein. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00356"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2022.2022-7-100","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Its Treatment Opportunities","volume":"39","author":"Tel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Balk. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104930","article-title":"Fractalkine (CX3CL1) Signaling and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Potential Clinical and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"158","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.06.016","article-title":"Retinal Changes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Glaucoma","volume":"56","author":"Matlach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2022.2070377","article-title":"Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Glaucoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913904117","article-title":"The Process of Lewy Body Formation, rather than Simply \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrillization, Is One of the Major Drivers of Neurodegeneration","volume":"117","author":"Burtscher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02505-5","article-title":"A Brief History of Brain Iron Accumulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders","volume":"129","author":"Foley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huenchuguala, S., and Segura-Aguilar, J. (2023). On the Role of Iron in Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11113094"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-01046-4","article-title":"Pathologically High Intraocular Pressure Disturbs Normal Iron Homeostasis and Leads to Retinal Ganglion Cell Ferroptosis in Glaucoma","volume":"30","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203395","article-title":"Trial of Cinpanemab in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"387","author":"Lang","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.08.009","article-title":"Dopamine in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"522","author":"Latif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Moreno, T., Garc\u00eda-Morales, V., Suleiman-Martos, S., Rivas-Dom\u00ednguez, A., Mohamed-Mohamed, H., Ramos-Rodr\u00edguez, J.J., Melguizo-Rodr\u00edguez, L., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Acedo, A. (2023). Current Treatments and New, Tentative Therapies for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030770"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01402-2","article-title":"Brain Iron Chelation by Deferiprone in a Phase 2 Randomised Double-Blinded Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e1k, T., and Csutak, A. (2024). Complementary Practices in Pharmacy and Their Relation to Glaucoma\u2014Classification, Definitions, and Limitations. Sci. Pharm., 92.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm92010016"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yap, P.S.X., Yusoff, K., Lim, S.H.E., Chong, C.M., and Lai, K.S. (2021). Membrane Disruption Properties of Essential Oils-a Double-Edged Sword?. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9040595"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pezantes-Orellana, C., German Berm\u00fadez, F., Mat\u00edas De la Cruz, C., Montalvo, J.L., and Orellana-Manzano, A. (2024). Essential Oils: A Systematic Review on Revolutionizing Health, Nutrition, and Omics for Optimal Well-Being. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1337785"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashed, A.A., Rahman, A.Z.A., and Rathi, D.N.G. (2021). Essential Oils as a Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041107"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avola, R., Furnari, A.G., Graziano, A.C.E., Russo, A., and Cardile, V. (2024). Management of the Brain: Essential Oils as Promising Neuroinflammation Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020178"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spisni, E., Valerii, M.C., and Massimino, M.L. (2023). Essential Oil Molecules Can Break the Loop of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121504"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"6219249","article-title":"Essential Oils May Lead \u03b1 -Synuclein towards Toxic Fibrils Formation","volume":"2016","author":"Morshedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0548-5","article-title":"Effects of Zingerone [4-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone] and Eugenol [2-Methoxy-4-(2-Propenyl)Phenol] on the Pathological Progress in the 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mouse Model","volume":"36","author":"Kabuto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.06.024","article-title":"Protective Effect of Two Essential Oils Isolated from Rosa Damascena Mill. and Lavandula Angustifolia Mill, and Two Classic Antioxidants against L-Dopa Oxidative Toxicity Induced in Healthy Mice","volume":"81","author":"Nikolova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7783","article-title":"Rose Essential Oil Diminishes Dopaminergic Neuron Degenerations and Reduces \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregation in Caenorhabditis Elegans Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"37","author":"Muhammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e442","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Effects of Aromatherapy with Lavender Essential Oil on Depression","volume":"9","author":"Elyasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cent. Asian J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandur, E., Balatin\u00e1cz, A., Micalizzi, G., Mondello, L., Horv\u00e1th, A., Sipos, K., and Horv\u00e1th, G. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Lavender (Lavandula Angustifolia Mill.) Essential Oil Prepared during Different Plant Phenophases on THP-1 Macrophages. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03461-5"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, W.H., Hsu, H.T., Lin, C.C., An, L.M., Lee, C.H., Ko, H.H., Lin, C.L., and Lo, Y.C. (2024). Linalool, a Fragrance Compound in Plants, Protects Dopaminergic Neurons and Improves Motor Function and Skeletal Muscle Strength in Experimental Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052514"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshehri, B. (2024). The Geranium Genus: A Comprehensive Study on Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical Compounds, and Pharmacological Importance. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2024.103940"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175714","article-title":"Geraniol Improves Passive Avoidance Memory and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity Deficits in a Rat Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"951","author":"Bagheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollaei, S., Farnia, P., and Hazrati, S. (2023). Essential Oils and Their Constituents. Essential Oils: Sources, Production, and Applications, De Gruyter. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110791600-005"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2022.2155073","article-title":"Characterization and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Flowers of Sweet Basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) Selected from Different Regions of Pakistan","volume":"26","author":"Rashid","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, H.A., Eldeeb, H.M., Khan, R.A., Al-Omar, M.S., Mohammed, S.A.A., Sajid, M.S.M., Aly, M.S.A., Ahmad, A.M., Abdellatif, A.A.H., and Eid, S.Y. (2021). Sage, Salvia officinalis L., Constituents, Hepatoprotective Activity, and Cytotoxicity Evaluations of the Essential Oils Obtained from Fresh and Differently Timed Dried Herbs: A Comparative Analysis. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195757"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"257","article-title":"The Essential Oils Isolated from the Fruit of Ficus Carica Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and Apoptosis of Human Liver Cancer Cells","volume":"66","author":"Kalefa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddin, L.B., Azimullah, S., Jha, N.K., Nagoor Meeran, M.F., Beiram, R., and Ojha, S. (2023). Limonene, a Monoterpene, Mitigates Rotenone-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration by Modulating Neuroinflammation, Hippo Signaling and Apoptosis in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065222"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110830","article-title":"\u03b1-Humulene Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis through the Inhibition of Akt Signaling","volume":"134","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, E.A., Abu Zahra, H., Ammar, R.B., Mohamed, M.E., and Ibrahim, H.I.M. (2022). Beta-Caryophyllene Enhances the Anti-Tumor Activity of Cisplatin in Lung Cancer Cell Lines through Regulating Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Signaling Molecules. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238354"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10370","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02120F","article-title":"Recent Updates on Bioactive Properties of Linalool","volume":"12","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seol, G.H., Kang, P., Lee, H.S., and Seol, G.H. (2016). Antioxidant Activity of Linalool in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. BMC Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0541-3"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Ammar, R. (2023). Potential Effects of Geraniol on Cancer and Inflammation-Related Diseases: A Review of the Recent Research Findings. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093669"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37128","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c04684","article-title":"Geraniol Suppresses Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Interstitial Collagenase to Protect against Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S318989","article-title":"The Inhibitory Efficiencies of Geraniol as an Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial, Natural Agent against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in Vivo","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, J., Li, M., Wei, Y., Li, H., He, X., Yang, Q., Li, Z., Duan, J., Wu, Z., and Chen, Q. (2022). Inhalation Aromatherapy via Brain-Targeted Nasal Delivery: Natural Volatiles or Essential Oils on Mood Disorders. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.860043"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2019.1633408","article-title":"Models for Skin and Brain Penetration of Major Components from Essential Oils Used in Aromatherapy for Dementia Patients","volume":"38","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33333-6","article-title":"Mechanism of Rotenone Binding to Respiratory Complex I Depends on Ligand Flexibility","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(01)00003-X","article-title":"Molecular Pathways Involved in the Neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, Dopamine and MPTP: Contribution to the Apoptotic Theory in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"65","author":"Blum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandur, E., Varga, E., Tam\u00e1si, K., Pap, R., Nagy, J., and Sipos, K. (2019). Effect of Inflammatory Mediators Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoteichoic Acid on Iron Metabolism of Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells Alters in the Presence of BV-2 Microglia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010017"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2010.04.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of Rotenone-Induced Proteasome Inhibition","volume":"31","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10756","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10756.2003","article-title":"Mechanism of Toxicity in Rotenone Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"23","author":"Sherer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"533","article-title":"The 6-Hydroxydopamine Model and Parkinsonian Pathophysiology: Novel Findings in an Older Model","volume":"32","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511560200","article-title":"6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Apoptosis Is Mediated via Extracellular Auto-Oxidation and Caspase 3-Dependent Activation of Protein Kinase C\u03b4","volume":"281","author":"Hanrott","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheweita, S.A., El-Hosseiny, L.S., and Nashashibi, M.A. (2016). Protective Effects of Essential Oils as Natural Antioxidants against Hepatotoxicity Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165667"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhifi, W., Bellili, S., Jazi, S., Bahloul, N., and Mnif, W. (2016). Essential Oils\u2019 Chemical Characterization and Investigation of Some Biological Activities: A Critical Review. Medicines, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines3040025"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2021.112670","article-title":"Are Thymol, Rosefuran, Terpinolene and Umbelliferone Good Scavengers of Peroxyl Radicals?","volume":"184","author":"Boulebd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunaseelan, S., Balupillai, A., Govindasamy, K., Ramasamy, K., Muthusamy, G., Shanmugam, M., Thangaiyan, R., Robert, B.M., Nagarajan, R.P., and Ponniresan, V.K. (2017). Linalool Prevents Oxidative Stress Activated Protein Kinases in Single UVB-Exposed Human Skin Cells. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176699"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2021.103319","article-title":"Labile Iron, ROS, and Cell Death Are Prominently Induced by Haemin, but Not by Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron","volume":"61","author":"Imoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horv\u00e1th, G., Horv\u00e1th, A., Reichert, G., B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi, A., Sipos, K., and Pandur, E. (2021). Three Chemotypes of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Essential Oil and Their Main Compounds Affect Differently the IL-6 and TNF\u03b1 Cytokine Secretions of BV-2 Microglia by Modulating the NF-\u039aB and C\/EBP\u03b2 Signalling Pathways. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03319-w"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Ammar, R., Mohamed, M.E., Alfwuaires, M., Abdulaziz Alamer, S., Bani Ismail, M., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Sekar, A.K., Ksouri, R., and Rajendran, P. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Geraniol Isolated from Lemon Grass on Ox-LDL-Stimulated Endothelial Cells by Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 via PI3K\/Akt and Nrf-2 Signaling Pathways. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224817"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Liu, G., Zhao, H., Dong, X., and Yang, Z. (2021). Inhibiting the JNK\/ERK Signaling Pathway with Geraniol for Attenuating the Proliferation of Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma AGS Cells. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 35.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22818"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u039aB Signaling in Inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"S105","article-title":"Microglia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Stefanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"143","article-title":"The Role of Microglia in the Progression of Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration-A Review","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.03.004","article-title":"NEW Evidences for Fractalkine\/CX3CL1 Involved in Substantia Nigral Microglial Activation and Behavioral Changes in a Rat Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"32","author":"Shan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naoi, M., Maruyama, W., and Shamoto-Nagai, M. (2022). Neuroprotective Function of Rasagiline and Selegiline, Inhibitors of Type B Monoamine Oxidase, and Role of Monoamine Oxidases in Synucleinopathies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911059"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66052004.x","article-title":"Nature of Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I by 6-Hydroxydopamine","volume":"66","author":"Glinka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.004","article-title":"Ferroportin 1 but Not Hephaestin Contributes to Iron Accumulation in a Cell Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, W., Cai, J., Zhang, L., and Peng, Q. (2024). Iron Deposition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Mini-Review. Cell Mol. Neurobiol., 44.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01459-4"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7853","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.001949","article-title":"Inflammation-Induced Iron Transport and Metabolism by Brain Microglia","volume":"293","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., and Hyun, D.H. (2023). The Interplay between Intracellular Iron Homeostasis and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040918"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urrutia, P.J., B\u00f3rquez, D.A., and N\u00fa\u00f1ez, M.T. (2021). Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010061"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.H., and Hsieh, H.L. (2022). Roles of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Neuroinflammation and Brain Disorders. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050923"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Buttari, B., Profumo, E., Tucci, P., and Saso, L. (2022). A Perspective on Nrf2 Signaling Pathway for Neuroinflammation: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases. Front. Cell Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.787258"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"205","article-title":"Generation of Ferric Iron Links Oxidative Stress to \u03b1-Synuclein Oligomer Formation","volume":"1","author":"Levin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.05.007","article-title":"The Neurotoxicity of Iron, Copper and Manganese in Parkinson\u2019s and Wilson\u2019s Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Dusek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/8\/917\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:25:58Z","timestamp":1760109958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/8\/917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13080917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13080917","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]}}}