{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:25:47Z","timestamp":1790432747037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Council","award":["SCHI 476\/19-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHI 476\/19-1"]}]},{"name":"German Research Council","award":["26-1 (531487925)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26-1 (531487925)"]}]},{"name":"German Research Council","award":["SFB 1052\/Z3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1052\/Z3"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leipzig University","award":["SCHI 476\/19-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHI 476\/19-1"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leipzig University","award":["26-1 (531487925)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26-1 (531487925)"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leipzig University","award":["SFB 1052\/Z3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1052\/Z3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are characterized by a dysregulated immune response and persistent inflammation. The large number of neutrophilic granulocytes in the synovial fluid (SF) from RA patients leads to elevated enzyme activities, for example, from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), as the most important MPO-derived product, is a strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) and known to be involved in the processes of cartilage destruction (particularly regarding the glycosaminoglycans). This review will discuss open questions about the contribution of HOCl in RA in order to improve the understanding of oxidative tissue damaging. First, the (chemical) composition of articular cartilage and SF and the mechanisms of cartilage degradation will be discussed. Afterwards, the products released by neutrophils during inflammation will be summarized and their effects towards the individual, most abundant cartilage compounds (collagen, proteoglycans) and selected cellular components (lipids, DNA) discussed. New developments about neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the use of antioxidants as drugs will be outlined, too. Finally, we will try to estimate the effects induced by these different agents and their contributions in RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T12:38:20Z","timestamp":1722515900000},"page":"921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["(Chemical) Roles of HOCl in Rheumatic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4993-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Leopold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4328-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Schiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.11.643","article-title":"An overview of rheumatological research in the European Union","volume":"57","author":"Mela","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. 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