{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:19:39Z","timestamp":1792120779687,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a spectrum of disorders marked by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. These conditions, including Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Huntington\u2019s disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple sclerosis (MS), often lead to severe cognitive and motor deficits. A critical component of neurodegenerative disease pathologies is the imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms, culminating in oxidative stress. The brain\u2019s high oxygen consumption and lipid-rich environment make it particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. Pro-oxidants such as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during normal metabolism, counteracted by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. In neurodegenerative diseases, this balance is disrupted, leading to neuronal damage. This systematic review explores the roles of oxidative stress, gut microbiota, and epigenetic modifications in neurodegenerative diseases, aiming to elucidate the interplay between these factors and identify potential therapeutic strategies. We conducted a comprehensive search of articles published in 2024 across major databases, focusing on studies examining the relationships between redox homeostasis, gut microbiota, and epigenetic changes in neurodegeneration. A total of 161 studies were included, comprising clinical trials, observational studies, and experimental research. Our findings reveal that oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, with gut microbiota composition and epigenetic modifications significantly influencing redox balance. Specific bacterial taxa and epigenetic markers were identified as potential modulators of oxidative stress, suggesting novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, recent evidence from human and animal studies supports the emerging concept of targeting redox homeostasis through microbiota and epigenetic therapies. Future research should focus on validating these targets in clinical settings and exploring the potential for personalized medicine strategies based on individual microbiota and epigenetic profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T07:45:47Z","timestamp":1725003947000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Redox Homeostasis, Gut Microbiota, and Epigenetics in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1084-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2365-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Irina","family":"Galaction","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Turnea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corneliu Dan","family":"Blendea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Clinical Disciplines, General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cTitu Maiorescu\u201d University of Bucharest, 0400511 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Rotariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Po\u0219taru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamptey, R.N.L., Chaulagain, B., Trivedi, R., Gothwal, A., Layek, B., and Singh, J. (2022). A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031851"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovacs, G.G. (2016). Molecular Pathological Classification of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Turning towards Precision Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020189"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breijyeh, Z., and Karaman, R. (2020). Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Causes and Treatment. 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