{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T21:59:47Z","timestamp":1787263187618,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caffeine is one of the most commonly used drugs in intensive care to stimulate the respiratory control mechanisms of very preterm infants. Respiratory instability, due to the degree of immaturity at birth, results in apnea of prematurity (AOP), hyperoxic, hypoxic, and intermittent hypoxic episodes. Oxidative stress cannot be avoided as a direct reaction and leads to neurological developmental deficits and even a higher prevalence of respiratory diseases in the further development of premature infants. Due to the proven antioxidant effect of caffeine in early use, largely protective effects on clinical outcomes can be observed. This is also impressively observed in experimental studies of caffeine application in oxidative stress-adapted rodent models of damage to the developing brain and lungs. However, caffeine shows undesirable effects outside these oxygen toxicity injury models. This review shows the effects of caffeine in hyperoxic, hypoxic\/hypoxic-ischemic, and intermittent hypoxic rodent injury models, but also the negative effects on the rodent organism when caffeine is administered without exogenous oxidative stress. The narrative analysis of caffeine benefits in cerebral and pulmonary preterm infant models supports protective caffeine use but should be given critical consideration when considering caffeine treatment beyond the recommended corrected gestational age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T12:22:33Z","timestamp":1725366153000},"page":"1076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Caffeine: The Story beyond Oxygen-Induced Lung and Brain Injury in Neonatal Animal Models\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4030-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Endesfelder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80718-X","article-title":"Efficacy of caffeine in treatment of apnea in the low-birth-weight infant","volume":"90","author":"Aranda","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.07.011","article-title":"Caffeine use in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"22","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101183","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and metabolism of caffeine in newborns","volume":"25","author":"Aranda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054065","article-title":"Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"354","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, J.Y., Guo, H.L., He, X., Hu, Y.H., Xia, Y., Cheng, R., Ding, X.S., Chen, F., and Xu, J. (2021). Caffeine for the Pharmacological Treatment of Apnea of Prematurity in the NICU: Dose Selection Conundrum, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Genetic Factors. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.681842"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"Cd000140","article-title":"Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"CD000139","article-title":"Prophylactic methylxanthines for endotracheal extubation in preterm infants","volume":"8","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"CD013830","article-title":"Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Marques","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.52","article-title":"Early caffeine therapy and clinical outcomes in extremely preterm infants","volume":"33","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.04.016","article-title":"Reduction in developmental coordination disorder with neonatal caffeine therapy","volume":"165","author":"Doyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20174047","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4047","article-title":"Neurobehavioral Outcomes 11 Years After Neonatal Caffeine Therapy for Apnea of Prematurity","volume":"141","author":"Doyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.2024","article-title":"Survival without disability to age 5 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"307","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0238","article-title":"Academic Performance, Motor Function, and Behavior 11 Years After Neonatal Caffeine Citrate Therapy for Apnea of Prematurity: An 11-Year Follow-up of the CAP Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"171","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"Cd000048","article-title":"Prophylactic caffeine to prevent postoperative apnea following general anesthesia in preterm infants","volume":"4","author":"Steer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000534497","article-title":"Early versus Late Caffeine Therapy Administration in Preterm Neonates: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"121","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20181348","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1348","article-title":"Early Caffeine Administration and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants","volume":"143","author":"Lodha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.01.054","article-title":"Timing of Caffeine Therapy in Very Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"164","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.784","article-title":"Caffeine impairs cerebral and intestinal blood flow velocity in preterm infants","volume":"109","author":"Hoecker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01828.x","article-title":"Does caffeine impair cerebral oxygenation and blood flow velocity in preterm infants?","volume":"99","author":"Tracy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.03.008","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on the preterm brain: An observational study","volume":"120","author":"Dix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.06.051","article-title":"Correlation between serum caffeine levels and changes in cytokine profile in a cohort of preterm infants","volume":"158","author":"Ahlawat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2016.0012","article-title":"Early High-Dose Caffeine Increases Seizure Burden in Extremely Preterm Neonates: A Preliminary Study","volume":"6","author":"Vesoulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Caffeine Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parladori, R., Austin, T., Smielewski, P., Czosnyka, M., Paoletti, V., Vitali, F., Corvaglia, L., and Martini, S. (Pediatr. Res., 2024). Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects of caffeine maintenance in preterm infants during the transitional period, Pediatr. Res., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03194-4"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0150sz, B.E., J\u00eetc\u0103, G., \u0218tef\u0103nescu, R.E., Pu\u0219ca\u0219, A., Tero-Vescan, A., and Vari, C.E. (2022). Caffeine and Its Antioxidant Properties-It Is All about Dose and Source. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113074"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1177\/00912700122010500","article-title":"Caffeine metabolism in premature infants","volume":"41","author":"Raines","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e3283505d5e","article-title":"PharmGKB summary: Caffeine pathway","volume":"22","author":"Thorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genom."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.116.074583","article-title":"Determination of Human Hepatic CYP2C8 and CYP1A2 Age-Dependent Expression to Support Human Health Risk Assessment for Early Ages","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050276","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine in premature neonates","volume":"52","author":"Lanao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000513413","article-title":"The Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine in Preterm Newborns: No Influence of Doxapram but Important Maturation with Age","volume":"118","author":"Engbers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13211","article-title":"Prediction of serum theophylline concentrations and cytochrome P450 1A2 activity by analyzing urinary metabolites in preterm infants","volume":"83","author":"Sohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.8-5-e214","article-title":"Pharmacology review: Clinical pharmacology of caffeine in the newborn","volume":"8","author":"Natarajan","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v4.i4.81","article-title":"Caffeine therapy in preterm infants","volume":"4","author":"Nasef","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)63007-3","article-title":"Adenosine and brain function","volume":"63","author":"Fredholm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.11.011","article-title":"Low, but not high, dose caffeine is a readily available probe for adenosine actions","volume":"55","author":"Fredholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7156","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00261","article-title":"The Medicinal Chemistry of Caffeine","volume":"64","author":"Faudone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02664.x","article-title":"Genetic basis of apnoea of prematurity and caffeine treatment response: Role of adenosine receptor polymorphisms","volume":"101","author":"Kumral","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(91)90056-D","article-title":"Antioxidant behaviour of caffeine: Efficient scavenging of hydroxyl radicals","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endesfelder, S., Weichelt, U., Strauss, E., Schlor, A., Sifringer, M., Scheuer, T., Buhrer, C., and Schmitz, T. (2017). Neuroprotection by Caffeine in Hyperoxia-Induced Neonatal Brain Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010187"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1063-5","article-title":"Antioxidative effects of caffeine in a hyperoxia-based rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"20","author":"Endesfelder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikram, M., Park, T.J., Ali, T., and Kim, M.O. (2020). Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine against Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Insight into the Role of Nrf-2 and A2AR Signaling. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090902"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.154.6.544","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and oxygen radical diseases in the preterm newborn","volume":"154","author":"Rogers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.035","article-title":"Oxygen radical disease in the newborn, revisited: Oxidative stress and disease in the newborn period","volume":"142","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1159\/000524455","article-title":"Population-Based Outcome Data of Extremely Preterm Infants in Germany during 2010\u20132017","volume":"119","author":"Heller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000485828","article-title":"Influence of PCO2 Control on Clinical and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"113","author":"Thome","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"846","article-title":"Antioxidant profiles in full term and preterm neonates","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chang. Gung Med. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.03.011","article-title":"Oxygen and oxidative stress in the perinatal period","volume":"12","author":"Kuligowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1514212","article-title":"Outcomes of Two Trials of Oxygen-Saturation Targets in Preterm Infants","volume":"374","author":"Stenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784146","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5784146","article-title":"Perinatal Hyperoxia and Developmental Consequences on the Lung-Brain Axis","volume":"2022","author":"Obst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T.-J., Jing, X., Teng, M., Pritchard, K.A., Day, B.W., Naylor, S., and Teng, R.-J. (2024). Role of Myeloperoxidase, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080889"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105187","article-title":"An overview of adult health outcomes after preterm birth","volume":"150","author":"Crump","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-218931","article-title":"Preterm or early term birth and long-term risk of asthma into midadulthood: A national cohort and cosibling study","volume":"78","author":"Crump","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70294-1","article-title":"Brain injury in premature infants: A complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances","volume":"8","author":"Volpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.12.028","article-title":"Behavior Profiles at 2 Years for Children Born Extremely Preterm with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"219","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, D., Hadchouel, A., Torchin, H., Roz\u00e9, J.C., Arnaud, C., Bellino, A., Couderc, L., Marret, S., Mittaine, M., and Pinquier, D. (2019). Educational and health outcomes associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 15-year-olds born preterm. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222286"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2009","article-title":"Regulation of the pulmonary circulation in the fetus and newborn","volume":"90","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.05.006","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxemia and oxidative stress in preterm infants","volume":"266","author":"Vento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2019.05.006","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxemia in Preterm Infants","volume":"46","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113753","article-title":"The relationship between intermittent hypoxemia events and neural outcomes in neonates","volume":"342","author":"Raffay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.09.011","article-title":"The effects of fetal and perinatal asphyxia on neuronal cytokine levels and ceramide metabolism in adulthood","volume":"255","author":"Vlassaks","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"199","article-title":"Impact of perinatal hypoxia on the developing brain","volume":"69","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542976","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/542976","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing brain: The role of reactive oxygen species originating in mitochondria","volume":"2012","author":"Ten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lembo, C., Buonocore, G., and Perrone, S. (2021). Oxidative Stress in Preterm Newborns. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111672"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3942-10.2011","article-title":"Cellular changes underlying hyperoxia-induced delay of white matter development","volume":"31","author":"Schmitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.03.002","article-title":"Adolescent hyperactivity and impaired coordination after neonatal hyperoxia","volume":"235","author":"Schmitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22847","article-title":"Oligodendroglial maldevelopment in the cerebellum after postnatal hyperoxia and its prevention by minocycline","volume":"63","author":"Scheuer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2534-3","article-title":"Looking ahead: Where to next for animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?","volume":"367","author":"Nardiello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endesfelder, S., Makki, H., von Haefen, C., Spies, C.D., Buhrer, C., and Sifringer, M. (2017). Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against hyperoxia-induced injury in the developing rat brain. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171498"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3840124","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3840124","article-title":"Prevention of Oxygen-Induced Inflammatory Lung Injury by Caffeine in Neonatal Rats","volume":"2020","author":"Endesfelder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.026","article-title":"Caffeine protects neuronal cells against injury caused by hyperoxia in the immature brain","volume":"67","author":"Endesfelder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5769784","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5769784","article-title":"The Conflicting Role of Caffeine Supplementation on Hyperoxia-Induced Injury on the Cerebellar Granular Cell Neurogenesis of Newborn Rats","volume":"2022","author":"Giszas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heise, J., Schmitz, T., B\u00fchrer, C., and Endesfelder, S. (2023). Protective Effects of Early Caffeine Administration in Hyperoxia-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Juvenile Rat. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020295"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puls, R., von Haefen, C., B\u00fchrer, C., and Endesfelder, S. (2023). Protective Effect of Dexmedetomidine against Hyperoxia-Damaged Cerebral Neurodevelopment in the Juvenile Rat. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040980"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puls, R., von Haefen, C., B\u00fchrer, C., and Endesfelder, S. (2023). Dexmedetomidine Protects Cerebellar Neurons against Hyperoxia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in the Juvenile Rat. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097804"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22667","article-title":"Transient Improvement of Cerebellar Oligodendroglial Development in a Neonatal Hyperoxia Model by PDGFA Treatment","volume":"79","author":"Scheuer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00012412","article-title":"Prevention of hyperoxia-mediated pulmonary inflammation in neonatal rats by caffeine","volume":"41","author":"Weichelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2004.10.009","article-title":"Chronic neonatal hypoxia leads to long term decreases in the volume and cell number of the rat cerebral cortex","volume":"28","author":"Schwartz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232568799","article-title":"Disrupted synaptic development in the hypoxic newborn brain","volume":"99","author":"Curristin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L964","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00421.2002","article-title":"Mild hypoxia impairs alveolarization in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mouse","volume":"284","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00500.x","article-title":"The role of chronic hypoxia in the development of neurocognitive abnormalities in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"9","author":"Raman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.06.003","article-title":"A neonatal mouse model of intermittent hypoxia associated with features of apnea in premature infants","volume":"178","author":"Cai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-15814134","article-title":"Effects of intermittent hypoxia and hyperoxia on angiogenesis and lung development in newborn mice","volume":"8","author":"Elberson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neonatal-Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leroux, S., Rodriguez-Duboc, A., Arabo, A., Basille-Dugay, M., Vaudry, D., and Burel, D. (2022). Intermittent hypoxia in a mouse model of apnea of prematurity leads to a retardation of cerebellar development and long-term functional deficits. Cell Biosci., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00869-5"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090206","article-title":"The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat","volume":"9","author":"Rice","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000523990","article-title":"The Vannucci Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Neonatal Rodent: 40 years Later","volume":"44","author":"Vannucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000329922","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxic episodes in preterm infants: Do they matter?","volume":"100","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serdar, M., Kempe, K., Rizazad, M., Herz, J., Bendix, I., Felderhoff-M\u00fcser, U., and Sabir, H. (2019). Early Pro-inflammatory Microglia Activation After Inflammation-Sensitized Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats. Front. Cell Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00237"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114550","article-title":"A review of the effects of early postnatal hyperoxia exposure on the immature brain","volume":"370","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.09.024","article-title":"Hyperoxia changes the balance of the thioredoxin\/peroxiredoxin system in the neonatal rat brain","volume":"1484","author":"Bendix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401796","article-title":"Acute and long-term proteome changes induced by oxidative stress in the developing brain","volume":"13","author":"Kaindl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000506989","article-title":"Using Experimental Models to Identify Pathogenic Pathways and Putative Disease Management Targets in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"117","author":"Morty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iskusnykh, I.Y., and Chizhikov, V.V. (2022). Cerebellar development after preterm birth. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1068288"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auvin, S., and Pressler, R. (2013). Comparison of Brain Maturation among Species: An Example in Translational Research Suggesting the Possible Use of Bumetanide in Newborn. Front. Neurol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00036"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001","article-title":"Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species","volume":"106\u2013107","author":"Semple","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(79)90022-7","article-title":"Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt","volume":"3","author":"Dobbing","year":"1979","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"511","article-title":"Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: Evidence from humans and animal models","volume":"108","author":"Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2018.09.001","article-title":"Recent advances in the pathogenesis of BPD","volume":"42","author":"Morty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1159\/000092868","article-title":"Structural aspects of postnatal lung development-alveolar formation and growth","volume":"89","author":"Burri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-0961-9","article-title":"Effect of caffeine on respiratory muscle strength and lung function in prematurely born, ventilated infants","volume":"168","author":"Kassim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1239","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00268.2015","article-title":"Recent advances in the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"309","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2545-0","article-title":"Development of the lung","volume":"367","author":"Schittny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01403-2","article-title":"Caffeine prevents hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal mice through NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumpa, V., Nielsen, L., Wang, H., and Kumar, V.H.S. (2019). Caffeine is associated with improved alveolarization and angiogenesis in male mice following hyperoxia induced lung injury. BMC Pulm. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0903-x"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L586","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00405.2016","article-title":"Attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress by caffeine ameliorates hyperoxia-induced lung injury","volume":"312","author":"Teng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.21","article-title":"Caffeine administration modulates TGF-beta signaling but does not attenuate blunted alveolarization in a hyperoxia-based mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"81","author":"Rath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.89","article-title":"Caffeine ameliorates hyperoxia-induced lung injury by protecting GCH1 function in neonatal rat pups","volume":"82","author":"Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"058","DOI":"10.4322\/jms.113617","article-title":"Protective role of caffeine versus N-acetylcysteine in hyperoxic acute lung injury in neonatal rats","volume":"34","author":"Sadek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Morphol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1159\/000442937","article-title":"Caffeine Prevents Hyperoxia-Induced Functional and Structural Lung Damage in Preterm Rabbits","volume":"109","author":"Nagatomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.233","article-title":"Caffeine induces alveolar apoptosis in the hyperoxia-exposed developing mouse lung","volume":"75","author":"Dayanim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10321","article-title":"Early versus late caffeine and\/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) for prevention of intermittent hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation in the neonatal rat","volume":"84","author":"Batool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soontarapornchai, K., Cai, C.L., Ahmad, T., Aranda, J.V., Hand, I., and Beharry, K.D. (2021). Pharmacodynamic Effects of Standard versus High Caffeine Doses in the Developing Brain of Neonatal Rats Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073473"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.01.014","article-title":"Caffeine inhibits hypoxia-induced nuclear accumulation in HIF-1\u03b1 and promotes neonatal neuronal survival","volume":"317","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21008","article-title":"Protective effects of caffeine on chronic hypoxia-induced perinatal white matter injury","volume":"60","author":"Back","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Dou, H., Wang, S., Qu, D., Peng, X., Zou, N., and Yang, L. (2024). Caffeine improves mitochondrial dysfunction in the white matter of neonatal rats with hypoxia-ischemia through deacetylation: A proteomic analysis of lysine acetylation. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1394886"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13834","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of the effects of caffeine in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic white matter damage","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01924-6","article-title":"Caffeine treatment started before injury reduces hypoxic\u2013ischemic white-matter damage in neonatal rats by regulating phenotypic microglia polarization","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000509365","article-title":"Caffeine Restores Background EEG Activity Independent of Infarct Reduction after Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01867-9","article-title":"Defining a Time Window for Neuroprotection and Glia Modulation by Caffeine After Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischaemia","volume":"57","author":"Bocchetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.02.001","article-title":"Behavioral and neuroanatomical outcomes in a rat model of preterm hypoxic-ischemic brain Injury: Effects of caffeine and hypothermia","volume":"70","author":"Potter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winerdal, M., Urmaliya, V., Winerdal, M.E., Fredholm, B.B., Winqvist, O., and \u00c5d\u00e9n, U. (2017). Single Dose Caffeine Protects the Neonatal Mouse Brain against Hypoxia Ischemia. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170545"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.878694","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on neuronal apoptosis in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Kilicdag","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci3010177","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of caffeine treatment immediately following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury on spatial memory in male rats","volume":"3","author":"Alexander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.05.006","article-title":"Alteration of carotid body chemoreflexes after neonatal intermittent hypoxia and caffeine treatment in rat pups","volume":"177","author":"Julien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181e5bc78","article-title":"Caffeine reduces apnea frequency and enhances ventilatory long-term facilitation in rat pups raised in chronic intermittent hypoxia","volume":"68","author":"Julien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000363217","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Caffeine Is Associated with Improved Lung Function after Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Amnionitis","volume":"106","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.02.018","article-title":"ER remodeling via ER-phagy","volume":"82","author":"Gubas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1782","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress: A vicious cycle or a double-edged sword?","volume":"9","author":"Malhotra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.126078","article-title":"Activation of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad2 signaling is associated with airway remodeling in asthma","volume":"110","author":"Sagara","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112674","article-title":"Potential beneficial effects of caffeine administration in the neonatal period of an animal model of schizophrenia","volume":"391","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasala, S., Briyal, S., Prazad, P., Ranjan, A.K., Stefanov, G., Donovan, R., and Gulati, A. (2020). Exposure to Morphine and Caffeine Induces Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Neonatal Rat Brain. Front. Pediatr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00593"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9872-8","article-title":"Caffeine Protects Against Anticonvulsant-Induced Impaired Neurogenesis in the Developing Rat Brain","volume":"34","author":"Endesfelder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1089\/caff.2017.0036","article-title":"The Effect of Caffeine on the Neuropathological and Neurobehavioral Outcome in the Newborn Rat","volume":"8","author":"Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Caffeine Adenosine Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-017-9768-z","article-title":"Caffeine Protects Against Anticonvulsant-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Developing Rat Brain","volume":"32","author":"Endesfelder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.06.028","article-title":"Neonatal caffeine treatment up-regulates adenosine receptors in brainstem and hypothalamic cardio-respiratory related nuclei of rat pups","volume":"237","author":"Gaytan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318156e425","article-title":"Transient inhibition of astrocytogenesis in developing mouse brain following postnatal caffeine exposure","volume":"62","author":"Desfrere","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.11.018","article-title":"Postnatal caffeine exposure: Effects on motor skills and locomotor activity during ontogenesis","volume":"160","author":"Tchekalarova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181a9eafb","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity and reactive oxygen species: The devil is in the details","volume":"66","author":"Auten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falsaperla, R., Lombardo, F., Filosco, F., Romano, C., Saporito, M.A.N., Puglisi, F., Piro, E., Ruggieri, M., and Pavone, P. (2020). Oxidative Stress in Preterm Infants: Overview of Current Evidence and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13070145"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-00852-1","article-title":"Ventilation, oxidative stress and risk of brain injury in preterm newborn","volume":"46","author":"Rulli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.029","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Marseglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannav\u00f2, L., Perrone, S., Viola, V., Marseglia, L., Di Rosa, G., and Gitto, E. (2021). Oxidative Stress and Respiratory Diseases in Preterm Newborns. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212504"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V.H.S., and Lipshultz, S.E. (2019). Caffeine and Clinical Outcomes in Premature Neonates. Children, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/children6110118"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panfoli, I., Candiano, G., Malova, M., De Angelis, L., Cardiello, V., Buonocore, G., and Ramenghi, L.A. (2018). Oxidative Stress as a Primary Risk Factor for Brain Damage in Preterm Newborns. Front. Pediatr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00369"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, S., Grassi, F., Caporilli, C., Boscarino, G., Carbone, G., Petrolini, C., Gambini, L.M., Di Peri, A., Moretti, S., and Buonocore, G. (2023). Brain Damage in Preterm and Full-Term Neonates: Serum Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis and Intervention. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020309"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2017.1398068","article-title":"Development and application of oxidative stress biomarkers","volume":"82","author":"Osawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.03.002","article-title":"DNA damage responses to oxidative stress","volume":"3","author":"Barzilai","year":"2004","journal-title":"DNA Repair."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004241230638","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage on Preterm Birth Outcome","volume":"26","author":"Rathod","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3581","article-title":"Neuronal death and oxidative stress in the developing brain","volume":"14","author":"Ikonomidou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146361","article-title":"IRE1 signaling affects cell fate during the unfolded protein response","volume":"318","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutkowski, D.T., Arnold, S.M., Miller, C.N., Wu, J., Li, J., Gunnison, K.M., Mori, K., Sadighi Akha, A.A., Raden, D., and Kaufman, R.J. (2006). Adaptation to ER stress is mediated by differential stabilities of pro-survival and pro-apoptotic mRNAs and proteins. PLoS Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040374"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0341RC","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to alveolar developmental arrest in hyperoxia-exposed mice","volume":"40","author":"Ratner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"11671","article-title":"Hyperoxia induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis via the IRE1&alpha; pathway in rats with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"23","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4494","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3979","article-title":"Activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway involving CHOP in the lungs of rats with hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20170017","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the development of neonatal hypoxic\u2013ischaemic brain injury","volume":"45","author":"Thornton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, W., Guo, L., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Xia, S., Gong, H., Zhang, B.-K., and Yan, M. (2022). Dissecting the Crosstalk Between Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB Response Pathways in Drug-Induced Toxicity. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.809952"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200419300","article-title":"Maturational differences in lung NF-kappaB activation and their role in tolerance to hyperoxia","volume":"114","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L593","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00029.2015","article-title":"Activation of the nuclear factor-\u03baB pathway during postnatal lung inflammation preserves alveolarization by suppressing macrophage inflammatory protein-2","volume":"309","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sussan, T.E., Sudini, K., Talbot, C.C., Wang, X., Wills-Karp, M., Burd, I., and Biswal, S. (2017). Nrf2 regulates gene-environment interactions in an animal model of intrauterine inflammation: Implications for preterm birth and prematurity. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40194"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamatam, C.M., Reddy, N.M., Potteti, H.R., Ankireddy, A., Noone, P.M., Yamamoto, M., Kensler, T.W., and Reddy, S.P. (2020). Preconditioning the immature lung with enhanced Nrf2 activity protects against oxidant-induced hypoalveolarization in mice. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75834-8"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krey, F.C., Stocchero, B.A., Creutzberg, K.C., Heberle, B.A., Tractenberg, S.G., Xiang, L., Wei, W., Kluwe-Schiavon, B., and Viola, T.W. (2021). Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.643576"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000414","article-title":"Determinants of neonatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and association with child development","volume":"29","author":"Ghassabian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.03.009","article-title":"Cord serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels at birth associate with temperament outcomes at one year","volume":"150","author":"Dingsdale","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24218","article-title":"Serum neurotrophins at birth correlate with respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants","volume":"54","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0208-4","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in preterm babies and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Bokobza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2006.04.008","article-title":"Neonatal lung and airway injury: A role for neurotrophins","volume":"30","author":"Yao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.744755","article-title":"Changes of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins emphasized their roles in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201711-2287OC","article-title":"Neonatal Pulmonary Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Predicts Short-Term Clinical Outcomes","volume":"198","author":"Higano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200611-1660PP","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Where have all the vessels gone? Roles of angiogenic growth factors in chronic lung disease","volume":"175","author":"Thebaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L537","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00050.2006","article-title":"Hyperoxia modulates TGF-beta\/BMP signaling in a mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"292","author":"Kwapiszewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L86","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00534.2007","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta signaling mediates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial remodeling and inhibition of alveolar development in newborn mouse lung","volume":"295","author":"Ambalavanan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, S., Manti, S., Buttarelli, L., Petrolini, C., Boscarino, G., Filonzi, L., Gitto, E., Esposito, S.M.R., and Nonnis Marzano, F. (2023). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as Molecular Target for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Prevention in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032729"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.34211","article-title":"Caffeine Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Suppressing MAPK\/NF-\u03baB and A2aR Signaling in LPS-Induced THP-1 Macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.12.008","article-title":"The role of adenosine A2A and A2B receptors in the regulation of TNF-alpha production by human monocytes","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, S., Aceti, A., Della Gatta, A.N., Beghetti, I., Marsico, C., Pilu, G., and Corvaglia, L. (2023). Antenatal and Postnatal Sequelae of Oxidative Stress in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review Targeting Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020422"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113488","article-title":"Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity: Too Much or Too Little of a Good Thing","volume":"259","author":"Schmidt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"CD000432","article-title":"Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnoea in preterm infants","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.7.644.35167","article-title":"Caffeine citrate for the treatment of apnea of prematurity: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Erenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-01939-x","article-title":"Caffeine for apnea and prevention of neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Oliphant","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01010-z","article-title":"Immature control of breathing and apnea of prematurity: The known and unknown","volume":"41","author":"Erickson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0561-0","article-title":"Wide variation in caffeine discontinuation timing in premature infants","volume":"40","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e878","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2568","article-title":"Infant functional status: The timing of physiologic maturation of premature infants","volume":"123","author":"Escobar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-15814071","article-title":"Discontinuing caffeine in preterm infants at 33-35 weeks corrected gestational age: Failure rate and predictive factors","volume":"8","author":"Haddad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neonatal Perinatal Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4371","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on intermittent hypoxia in infants born prematurely: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"168","author":"Rhein","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.82","article-title":"Caffeine decreases intermittent hypoxia in preterm infants nearing term-equivalent age","volume":"37","author":"Dobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"CD015802","article-title":"Strategies for cessation of caffeine administration in preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Urru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-021-03659-y","article-title":"Duration of Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity-A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"88","author":"Prakash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/09732179231198302","article-title":"Effect of Short Course Caffeine on Recurrence of Apnea of Prematurity in Preterm Infants Less than 32 Weeks: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"38","author":"Pradhap","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1021\/jp201383y","article-title":"Is caffeine a good scavenger of oxygenated free radicals?","volume":"115","author":"Galano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31820efbcf","article-title":"Adverse and protective influences of adenosine on the newborn and embryo: Implications for preterm white matter injury and embryo protection","volume":"69","author":"Rivkees","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.11.004","article-title":"Systemic inflammation on postnatal days 21 and 28 and indicators of brain dysfunction 2years later among children born before the 28th week of gestation","volume":"93","author":"Leviton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.05.004","article-title":"The risk of neurodevelopmental disorders at age 10years associated with blood concentrations of interleukins 4 and 10 during the first postnatal month of children born extremely preterm","volume":"110","author":"Leviton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.128","article-title":"Both antenatal and postnatal inflammation contribute information about the risk of brain damage in extremely preterm newborns","volume":"82","author":"Yanni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31818d66b1","article-title":"Caffeine modulates TNF-alpha production by cord blood monocytes: The role of adenosine receptors","volume":"65","author":"Ahlawat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b20-00616","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Variability of Caffeine in Routinely Treated Preterm Infants: Preliminary Considerations on Developmental Changes of Systemic Clearance","volume":"44","author":"Taguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15103","article-title":"Adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists: From caffeine to selective non-xanthines","volume":"179","author":"Jacobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/9\/1076\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:48:07Z","timestamp":1760111287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/9\/1076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"references-count":194,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13091076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13091076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]}}}