{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:31Z","timestamp":1787027491845,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFD1301005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1301005"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["kq2208249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2208249"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["1610242022001-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610242022001-02"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["1610242024009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610242024009"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["ASTIP-IBFC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTIP-IBFC"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha Municipal","award":["2023YFD1301005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1301005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha Municipal","award":["kq2208249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2208249"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha Municipal","award":["1610242022001-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610242022001-02"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha Municipal","award":["1610242024009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610242024009"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha Municipal","award":["ASTIP-IBFC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTIP-IBFC"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2023YFD1301005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1301005"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["kq2208249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2208249"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["1610242022001-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610242022001-02"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["1610242024009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610242024009"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["ASTIP-IBFC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTIP-IBFC"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project Special Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2023YFD1301005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1301005"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project Special Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["kq2208249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2208249"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project Special Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["1610242022001-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610242022001-02"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project Special Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["1610242024009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610242024009"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project Special Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["ASTIP-IBFC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTIP-IBFC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the effects of substituting zinc oxide with terminalia chebula extract (TCE) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal health in weaned pigs. Initially, 72 weaned Duroc \u00d7 Landrace \u00d7 Large White piglets, 28 days old with an initial weight of 7.43 \u00b1 0.14 kg, equally divided by gender, were randomly assigned into three groups, with six replicates and four piglets per replicate. They were fed a basal diet (CON group), a diet containing 2 g\/kg zinc oxide (ZnO group), or 2 g\/kg TCE (TCE group) for a duration of 28 days. Subsequently, to further confirm the most appropriate levels of TCE in piglets, 96 piglets of the same breeds and age, with an initial weight of 7.42 \u00b1 0.12 kg, also equally divided by gender, were randomly assigned into four groups, each with six replicates and four piglets per replicate, and fed a basal diet (CON group), or diets supplemented with 1 g\/kg TCE (LTCE group), 2 g\/kg TCE (MTCE group), or 4 g\/kg TCE (HTCE group) for a duration of 28 days. The results demonstrated that both TCE and ZnO reduced diarrhea rates (p = 0.001) and enhanced average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.014) compared to the control group. TCE at 1 g\/kg and 4 g\/kg reduced the feed to gain ratio (p = 0.050). Dietary supplementing with TCE and ZnO increased serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p = 0.020). Various doses of TCE also increased jejunal IgA (p = 0.000) levels and IL-10 expression (p = 0.004), and decreased the levels of TNF-\u03b1 in both serum (p = 0.043) and jejunal mucosa (p = 0.000). Notably, TCE reduced the crypt depth (CD) of the duodenal (p = 0.007) and increased the villus height (VH) of the ileal (p = 0.045), and with increased dosage, there was a rise in the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) in the duodenum (p = 0.000) and jejunum (p = 0.001). Higher abundances of Lactobacillaceae (p = 0.000) and lower levels of Streptococcaceae (p = 0.000) and Peptostreptococcaceae (p = 0.035) in cecal contents were fed the ZnO and TCE pigs compared with CON pigs. Therefore, TCE was firstly presented as being able to replace zinc oxide, improve intestinal morphology, and enhance antioxidant and immune functions, thus safeguarding intestinal mucosal health and promoting piglet growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T02:34:06Z","timestamp":1725503646000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Terminalia Chebula Extract Replacing Zinc Oxide Enhances Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capabilities, Improves Growth Performance, and Promotes Intestinal Health in Weaned Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Agricultural Biogenomics, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichen","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiashun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengjun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Agricultural Biogenomics, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangle","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, L.H.B., Nielsen, B., Boll, E., Skj\u00f8t-Rasmussen, L., Wellejus, A., J\u00f8rgensen, L., Lauridsen, C., and Canibe, N.J. 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