{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:21:12Z","timestamp":1788560472590,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prudence and Louis Ryan Endowed Chair of Research"},{"name":"Ryan Translational Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiation-induced cataracts (RICs) represent a significant public health challenge, particularly impacting individuals exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) through medical treatments, occupational settings, and environmental factors. Effective therapeutic strategies require a deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying RIC formation (RICF). This study investigates the roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) and oxidative stress in RIC development, with a focus on their combined effects on lens transparency and cellular function. Key mechanisms include the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage to lens proteins and lipids, as well as the impact of Ang II on inflammatory responses and cellular apoptosis. While the generation of ROS from water radiolysis is well established, the impact of Ang II on RICs is less understood. Ang II intensifies oxidative stress by activating type 1 receptors (AT1Rs) on lens epithelial cells, resulting in increased ROS production and inflammatory responses. This oxidative damage leads to protein aggregation, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, ultimately compromising lens transparency and contributing to cataract formation. Recent studies highlight Ang II\u2019s dual role in promoting both oxidative stress and inflammation, which accelerates cataract development. RICs pose a substantial public health concern due to their widespread prevalence and impact on quality of life. Targeting Ang II signaling and oxidative stress simultaneously could represent a promising therapeutic approach. Continued research is necessary to validate these strategies and explore their efficacy in preventing or reversing RIC development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T04:29:26Z","timestamp":1728361766000},"page":"1207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring Angiotensin II and Oxidative Stress in Radiation-Induced Cataract Formation: Potential for Therapeutic Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vidya P.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riana","family":"Dolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trocar Pharma Inc., 8101 Sandy Spring Rd., Suite 300-W9, Laurel, MD 20707, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LensCrafters, Inc., 110 Mall Circle, Suite 2001, Waldorf, MD 20603, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Dolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trocar Pharma Inc., 8101 Sandy Spring Rd., Suite 300-W9, Laurel, MD 20707, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7762-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"},{"name":"Leroy T. Canoles, Jr. Cancer Research Center, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, September 01). Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System, CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vision-health-data\/case-definitions\/cataract.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, September 01). Eye Conditions and Diseases, National Eye Institute, Available online: https:\/\/www.nei.nih.gov\/learn-about-eye-health\/eye-conditions-and-diseases\/cataracts."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigneux, G., Pirkkanen, J., Laframboise, T., Prescott, H., Tharmalingam, S., and Thome, C. (2022). Radiation-Induced Alterations in Proliferation, Migration, and Adhesion in Lens Epithelial Cells and Implications for Cataract Development. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9010029"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203724666230106161436","article-title":"Effect of the Ultraviolet Radiation on the Lens","volume":"24","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, I.M. (2019). Reply to \u201cComment on Ahmad, I.M. et al. Healthcare Workers Occupationally Exposed to Ionizing Radiation Exhibit Altered Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Redox Parameters. Antioxidants, 2019, 8, 12\u201d. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8020043"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2022.2074166","article-title":"Individual response of the ocular lens to ionizing radiation","volume":"99","author":"Barnard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.05.026","article-title":"Solar ultraviolet radiation cataract","volume":"156","author":"Lofgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-015-1207-z","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Cataractogenesis: A Critical Literature Review for the Interventional Radiologist","volume":"39","author":"Seals","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent Radiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loganovsky, K.N., Marazziti, D., Fedirko, P.A., Kuts, K.V., Antypchuk, K.Y., Perchuk, I.V., Babenko, T.F., Loganovska, T.K., Kolosynska, O.O., and Kreinis, G.Y. (2020). Radiation-Induced Cerebro-Ophthalmic Effects in Humans. Life, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/life10040041"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001142","article-title":"Radiation-induced Cataracts in Children With Brain Tumors Receiving Craniospinal Irradiation","volume":"40","author":"Whelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2022.43.7.20220022","article-title":"Eye lens opacities and cataracts among physicians and healthcare workers occupationally exposed to radiation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Alhasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.01.005","article-title":"Direct radiation exposure of the eye lenses in cranial computed tomography and exposure reduction through radiographer training","volume":"28","author":"Daubner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2018.0324","article-title":"Risk of Radiation-Induced Cataracts: Investigation of Radiation Exposure to the Eye Lens During Endourologic Procedures","volume":"32","author":"Hartmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109192","article-title":"The role of oxygen and the Goldilocks range in the development of cataracts induced by space radiation in US astronauts","volume":"223","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2495","article-title":"Radiation induced cataracts in interventionalists occupationally exposed to ionising radiation","volume":"26","author":"Rose","year":"2022","journal-title":"SA J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210436","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210436","article-title":"Eye protection in interventional procedures","volume":"94","author":"Schueler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231221584","article-title":"Radiation-induced ophthalmic risks of long duration spaceflight: Current investigations and interventions","volume":"34","author":"Waisberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-023-02073-w","article-title":"[Radiation-induced cataract-an occult risk for urologists]","volume":"62","author":"Wendler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urologie"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"26","article-title":"Effect of cataract type and severity on visual acuity and contrast sensitivity","volume":"6","author":"Shandiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Nizami, A.A., Gurnani, B., and Gulani, A.C. (2024). Cataract. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70803-5","article-title":"Age-related cataract","volume":"365","author":"Asbell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"7","article-title":"On the Nature of Murine Radiation-Induced Subcapsular Cataracts: Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Fine Classification, In Vivo Dynamics and Impact on Visual Acuity","volume":"197","author":"Pawliczek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Liang, H., Su, L., Xue, X., and Zhan, J. (2024). Ferroptosis: A new perspective on the pathogenesis of radiation-induced cataracts. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1449216"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9836","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162349699","article-title":"Atm heterozygous mice are more sensitive to radiation-induced cataracts than are their wild-type counterparts","volume":"99","author":"Worgul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.33145\/2304-8336-2019-24-493-502","article-title":"Clinical Types of Cataracts in a Long-Term Period after Acute Radiation Sickness","volume":"24","author":"Fedirko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probl. Radiac. Med. Radiobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9765","article-title":"Effects of neutron radiation on Nrf2-regulated antioxidant defense systems in rat lens","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23832","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400848R","article-title":"A role for YAP\/FOXM1\/Nrf2 axis in oxidative stress and apoptosis of cataract induced by UVB irradiation","volume":"38","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Yu, Y., Garcia, L.A., Au, M.L., Tran, M., Zhang, J., Lou, A., Liu, Y., and Wu, H. (2024). A grape-supplemented diet prevented ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced cataract by regulating Nrf2 and XIAP pathways. J. Nutr. Biochem., 129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109636"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Inaba, Y., Sogo, Y., Ito, A., Bekal, M., Chida, K., and Moritake, T. (2021). Total body irradiation causes a chronic decrease in antioxidant levels. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86187-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2016.11.043","article-title":"Radiation Cataractogenesis: The Progression of Our Understanding and Its Clinical Consequences","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.04.124","article-title":"Interventional cardiologists and risk of radiation-induced cataract: Results of a French multicenter observational study","volume":"167","author":"Jacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(88)90088-4","article-title":"Cataracts induced by microwave and ionizing radiation","volume":"33","author":"Lipman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2307\/3580093","article-title":"Lenticular opacities in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation in infancy","volume":"152","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2020.1812759","article-title":"Etiology of posterior subcapsular cataracts based on a review of risk factors including aging, diabetes, and ionizing radiation","volume":"96","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.025","article-title":"The Lens Opacities Classification System III Grading in Irradiated Uveal Melanomas to Characterize Proton Therapy-Induced Cataracts","volume":"201","author":"Mathis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2024, September 01). Posterior Subcapsular Cataract, American Academy of Ophthalmology. Available online: https:\/\/www.aao.org\/education\/image\/posterior-subcapsular-cataract-5."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-017-0728-z","article-title":"Lifetime study in mice after acute low-dose ionizing radiation: A multifactorial study with special focus on cataract risk","volume":"57","author":"Dalke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"106","article-title":"Biochemistry of Eye Lens in the Norm and in Cataractogenesis","volume":"87","author":"Muranov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108709","article-title":"Hallmarks of lens aging and cataractogenesis","volume":"210","author":"Wishart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112309","article-title":"Angiotensin II: Role in oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and diseases","volume":"592","author":"Ajoolabady","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boothe, P.F., Kumar, V.P., Kong, Y., Wang, K., Levinson, H., Mu, D., and Brown, M.L. (2024). Radiation Induced Skin Fibrosis (RISF): Opportunity for Angiotensin II-Dependent Intervention. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158261"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i9.968","article-title":"Angiotensin II-related hypertension and eye diseases","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"254","article-title":"Expression of Angiotensin II and Aldosterone in Radiation-induced Lung Injury","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, R., Shree, J., Singh, A., and Bodakhe, S.H. (2021). Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of cataract formation in angiotensin-II-induced experimental rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 35.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22789"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.091","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies","volume":"94","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303587","article-title":"Hypertension: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system alterations","volume":"116","author":"Roks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000991","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of angiotensin II (AT1) receptor blockers in hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Israili","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.05.020","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its therapeutic targets","volume":"186","author":"Bovee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H550","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01176.2008","article-title":"Angiotensin II, mitochondria, cytoskeletal, and extracellular matrix connections: An integrating viewpoint","volume":"296","author":"Ferder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"S30","article-title":"Angiotensin II receptors","volume":"10","author":"Ardaillou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3283406f57","article-title":"ACE2: More of Ang-(1-7) or less Ang II?","volume":"20","author":"Ferrario","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.11.002","article-title":"The ocular renin-angiotensin system: A therapeutic target for the treatment of ocular disease","volume":"142","author":"Giese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.179","article-title":"Oral delivery of ACE2\/Ang-(1-7) bioencapsulated in plant cells protects against experimental uveitis and autoimmune uveoretinitis","volume":"22","author":"Shil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.06.045","article-title":"Ras signaling is essential for lens cell proliferation and lens growth during development","volume":"298","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-01-0010","article-title":"Calcium-activated RAF\/MEK\/ERK signaling pathway mediates p53-dependent apoptosis and is abrogated by alpha B-crystallin through inhibition of RAS activation","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14134","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14134","article-title":"Unraveling the crosstalk between renin-angiotensin system receptors","volume":"240","author":"Gironacci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-2952-z","article-title":"The expression of Mas-receptor of the renin-angiotensin system in the human eye","volume":"253","author":"Vaajanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F396","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00576.2009","article-title":"Regulation of the renin expression in the retinal pigment epithelium by systemic stimuli","volume":"299","author":"Milenkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn171","article-title":"Risk of cataract after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation: A 20-year prospective cohort study among US radiologic technologists","volume":"168","author":"Chodick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohm, E.W., Buonfiglio, F., Voigt, A.M., Bachmann, P., Safi, T., Pfeiffer, N., and Gericke, A. (2023). Oxidative stress in the eye and its role in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Redox Biol., 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102967"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birk, M., Baum, E., Zadeh, J.K., Manicam, C., Pfeiffer, N., Patzak, A., Helmst\u00e4dter, J., Steven, S., Kuntic, M., and Daiber, A. (2021). Angiotensin II Induces Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Mouse Ophthalmic Arteries via Involvement of AT1 Receptors and NOX2. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081238"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4641","article-title":"Angiotensin II, NADPH oxidase, and redox signaling in the vasculature","volume":"19","author":"Montezano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164734","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3164734","article-title":"The Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of the Age-Related Ocular Diseases and Other Pathologies of the Anterior and Posterior Eye Segments in Adults","volume":"2016","author":"Nita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v6.i3.209","article-title":"Inflammation, oxidative stress and renin angiotensin system in atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Husain","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Kumar, V.P., Kong, Y., Dolland, R., Brown, S.R., Wang, K., Dolland, D., Mu, D., and Brown, M.L. Unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI316","article-title":"Stretch-mediated release of angiotensin II induces myocyte apoptosis by activating p53 that enhances the local renin-angiotensin system and decreases the Bcl-2-to-Bax protein ratio in the cell","volume":"101","author":"Leri","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.1.193","article-title":"NF-kappaB inhibition ameliorates angiotensin II-induced inflammatory damage in rats","volume":"35","author":"Muller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishigooka, G., Mizuno, H., Oosuka, S., Jin, D., Takai, S., and Kida, T. (2023). Effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Cataracts. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206627"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000934","article-title":"Detection of Protein Aggregation and Proteotoxicity Induced by Angiotensin II in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells","volume":"77","author":"Cicalese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"225","article-title":"Protein Aggregation and Cataract: Role of Age-Related Modifications and Mutations in alpha-Crystallins","volume":"87","author":"Budnar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-091517-034346","article-title":"Biology of Inherited Cataracts and Opportunities for Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Shiels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118623","article-title":"Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH\/NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone","volume":"97","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.2.787","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor affects AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappab activation in angiotensin II-induced cardiac injury","volume":"37","author":"Fiebeler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(06)74011-0","article-title":"NF-kappaB and cytokines","volume":"74","author":"Kulms","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"RA194","article-title":"Angiotensin II and vascular inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4220","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13735","article-title":"NF-kappaB mediates the survival of corneal myofibroblast induced by angiotensin II","volume":"55","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/375247a0","article-title":"Direct stimulation of Jak\/STAT pathway by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor","volume":"375","author":"Marrero","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.12.1195","article-title":"Role of NAD(P)H oxidase in angiotensin II-induced JAK\/STAT signaling and cytokine induction","volume":"87","author":"Schieffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6146","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.10.6146","article-title":"Protein kinase C-zeta mediates angiotensin II activation of ERK1\/2 in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"272","author":"Liao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18434","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409710200","article-title":"G alpha 12\/13- and reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by angiotensin receptor stimulation in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes","volume":"280","author":"Nishida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.84.9.1073","article-title":"Angiotensin II-induced transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor regulates fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta synthesis via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms","volume":"84","author":"Moriguchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2011.595714","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling in fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Biernacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04554-0","article-title":"Tissue fibrosis induced by radiotherapy: Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic advances","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15301","article-title":"Angiotensin II as a morphogenic cytokine stimulating fibrogenesis of human tenon\u2019s capsule fibroblasts","volume":"56","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"895","article-title":"Glutathione and catalase suppress TGFbeta-induced cataract-related changes in cultured rat lenses and lens epithelial explants","volume":"15","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/10\/1207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:08:55Z","timestamp":1760112535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/10\/1207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13101207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13101207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]}}}