{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:43:53Z","timestamp":1792266233289,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["08190776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08190776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T12-101\/23-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T12-101\/23-N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRFS2021-4S04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRFS2021-4S04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CityU PDFS2223-1S01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CityU PDFS2223-1S01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["08190776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08190776"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["T12-101\/23-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T12-101\/23-N"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["SRFS2021-4S04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRFS2021-4S04"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["CityU PDFS2223-1S01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CityU PDFS2223-1S01"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["08190776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08190776"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["T12-101\/23-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T12-101\/23-N"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["SRFS2021-4S04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRFS2021-4S04"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["CityU PDFS2223-1S01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CityU PDFS2223-1S01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aging, an independent risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases, refers to a progressive deterioration in physiological function, characterized by 12 established hallmarks. Vascular aging is driven by endothelial dysfunction, telomere dysfunction, oxidative stress, and vascular inflammation. This study investigated whether aged gut microbiome promotes vascular aging and metabolic impairment. Fecal microbiome transfer (FMT) was conducted from aged (&gt;75 weeks old) to young C57BL\/6 mice (8 weeks old) for 6 weeks. Wire myography was used to evaluate endothelial function in aortas and mesenteric arteries. ROS levels were measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. Vascular and intestinal telomere function, in terms of relative telomere length, telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and telomerase activity, were measured. Systemic inflammation, endotoxemia and intestinal integrity of mice were assessed. Gut microbiome profiles were studied by 16S rRNA sequencing. Some middle-aged mice (40\u201342 weeks old) were subjected to chronic metformin treatment and exercise training for 4 weeks to evaluate their anti-aging benefits. Six-week FMT impaired glucose homeostasis and caused vascular dysfunction in aortas and mesenteric arteries in young mice. FMT triggered vascular inflammation and oxidative stress, along with declined telomerase activity and shorter telomere length in aortas. Additionally, FMT impaired intestinal integrity, and triggered AMPK inactivation and telomere dysfunction in intestines, potentially attributed to the altered gut microbial profiles. Metformin treatment and moderate exercise improved integrity, AMPK activation and telomere function in mouse intestines. Our data highlight aged microbiome as a mechanism that accelerates intestinal and vascular aging, suggesting the gut-vascular connection as a potential intervention target against cardiovascular aging and complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T03:49:34Z","timestamp":1729136974000},"page":"1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Aged Gut Microbiome Induces Metabolic Impairment and Hallmarks of Vascular and Intestinal Aging in Young Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8969-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chak-Kwong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianwei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.01.027","article-title":"Understanding the Odd Science of Aging","volume":"120","author":"Kirkwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of Aging: An Expanding Universe","volume":"186","author":"Blasco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312563","article-title":"Mechanisms of Dysfunction in the Aging Vasculature and Role in Age-Related Disease","volume":"123","author":"Donato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-00213-w","article-title":"Gut Microbiota as the Key Controllers of \u201cHealthy\u201d Aging of Elderly People","volume":"18","author":"Ragonnaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2021-0002","article-title":"The Gut-Cardiovascular Connection: New Era for Cardiovascular Therapy","volume":"1","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132055","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132055","article-title":"A Human-Origin Probiotic Cocktail Ameliorates Aging-Related Leaky Gut and Inflammation via Modulating the Microbiota\/Taurine\/Tight Junction Axis","volume":"5","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277336","article-title":"Suppression of the Gut Microbiome Ameliorates Age-Related Arterial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Mice","volume":"597","author":"Brunt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14759","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Age-Related Vascular Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice and Healthy Humans","volume":"76","author":"Brunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaekeh-Nikouei, A., Shokri-Naei, S., Karbasforoushan, S., Bahari, H., Baradaran Rahimi, V., Heidari, R., and Askari, V.R. (2023). Metformin beyond an Anti-Diabetic Agent: A Comprehensive and Mechanistic Review on Its Effects against Natural and Chemical Toxins. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115263"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13760","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13760","article-title":"Decreased Enterobacteriaceae Translocation Due to Gut Microbiota Remodeling Mediates the Alleviation of Premature Aging by a High-Fat Diet","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.10.025","article-title":"Men and Mice: Relating Their Ages","volume":"152","author":"Dutta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10430-7","article-title":"Heterochronic Faecal Transplantation Boosts Gut Germinal Centres in Aged Mice","volume":"10","author":"Stebegg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1657","article-title":"PPAR\u03b4 Is Required for Exercise to Attenuate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice","volume":"66","author":"Cheang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C.K., Wang, C., Shang, W., Lau, C.W., Luo, J.Y., Wang, L., and Huang, Y. (2021). A High Methionine and Low Folate Diet Alters Glucose Homeostasis and Gut Microbiome. Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.100921"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.02.017","article-title":"SOX4 Is a Novel Phenotypic Regulator of Endothelial Cells in Atherosclerosis Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00589-x","article-title":"A GLP-1 Analog Lowers ER Stress and Enhances Protein Folding to Ameliorate Homocysteine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C.K., Shang, W., Liu, J., Cheang, W.S., Wang, Y., Xiang, L., Lau, C.W., Luo, J.Y., Ng, C.F., and Huang, Y. (2022). Activation of AMPK\/MiR-181b Axis Alleviates Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Inflammation in Diabetic Mice. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061137"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab492","article-title":"Effects of Tenofovir on Telomeres, Telomerase and T Cell Maturational Subset Distribution in Long-Term Aviraemic HIV-Infected Adults","volume":"77","author":"Montejano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2121499119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121499119","article-title":"New Intranasal and Injectable Gene Therapy for Healthy Life Extension","volume":"119","author":"Jaijyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.08.005","article-title":"Functional Gut Microbiota Remodeling Contributes to the Caloric Restriction-Induced Metabolic Improvements","volume":"28","author":"Fabbiano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101178","article-title":"Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein: A Rising Therapeutic Target in Lipid Metabolism","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2022.04.011","article-title":"Targeting Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145734","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI145734","article-title":"Protein Kinase N2 Mediates Flow-Induced Endothelial NOS Activation and Vascular Tone Regulation","volume":"131","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000221230.08596.98","article-title":"AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Is Involved in Endothelial NO Synthase Activation in Response to Shear Stress","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv249","article-title":"Age-Dependent Blood Pressure Elevation Is Due to Increased Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone Mediated by G-Protein Signalling","volume":"109","author":"Wirth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq113","article-title":"Mechanisms of Vascular Aging: New Perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Ungvari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01502-8","article-title":"Inflammation and Aging: Signaling Pathways and Intervention Therapies","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.15.1758","article-title":"Circulating Markers of Inflammation for Vascular Risk Prediction: Are They Ready for Prime Time","volume":"101","author":"Shah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M326","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.5.M326","article-title":"Relationship of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha with Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength in Elderly Men and Women: The Health ABC Study","volume":"57","author":"Visser","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.009","article-title":"The Cardiovascular Biology of Glucagon-like Peptide-1","volume":"24","author":"Drucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.112072","article-title":"Alterations in GLP-1 and PYY Release with Aging and Body Mass in the Human Gut","volume":"578","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.06.014","article-title":"Telomere Length as Cardiovascular Aging Biomarker: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"72","author":"Nawrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langille, M.G.I., Meehan, C.J., Koenig, J.E., Dhanani, A.S., Rose, R.A., Howlett, S.E., and Beiko, R.G. (2014). Microbial Shifts in the Aging Mouse Gut. Microbiome, 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-014-0050-9"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0296-0","article-title":"(Dis)Trust Your Gut: The Gut Microbiome in Age-Related Inflammation, Health, and Disease","volume":"5","author":"Buford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Xu, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, T., Wu, Y., Yan, Y., Lei, Y., Cao, X., Wang, X., and Yan, F. (2024). Bifidobacterium Pseudolongum-Derived Bile Acid from Dietary Carvacrol and Thymol Supplementation Attenuates Colitis via CGMP-PKG-mTORC1 Pathway. Adv. Sci., e2406917.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406917"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11420","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01422F","article-title":"Dihydroquercetin Supplement Alleviates Colonic Inflammation Potentially through Improved Gut Microbiota Community in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.05.032","article-title":"AMPK: Mechanisms of Cellular Energy Sensing and Restoration of Metabolic Balance","volume":"66","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.14","article-title":"AMPK Improves Gut Epithelial Differentiation and Barrier Function via Regulating Cdx2 Expression","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38415.708634.F7","article-title":"Research Pointers: Metformin and Reduced Risk of Cancer in Diabetic Patients","volume":"330","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ  Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0324-6","article-title":"The Translation of Age-Related Body Composition Findings from Rodents to Humans","volume":"73","author":"Pappas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14801","article-title":"Pharmacological Basis and New Insights of Resveratrol Action in the Cardiovascular System","volume":"177","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9161","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202916109","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitric Oxide Are Mutually Dependent in the Regulation of Angiogenesis and Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxation","volume":"109","author":"Coletta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H.J., Wu, Z.Y., Nie, X.W., and Bian, J.S. (2020). Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Link Between Inflammation and Hydrogen Sulfide. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01568"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0366","article-title":"GLP-1R Agonists and Endothelial Dysfunction: More Than Just Glucose Lowering?","volume":"64","author":"Lovshin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1161\/atv.0000615456.97862.30","article-title":"Endothelial GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Receptor Mediates Cardiovascular Protection by Liraglutide in Mice with Experimental Arterial Hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Frenis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312202","article-title":"Heart-Breaking Telomeres","volume":"123","author":"Blasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13875","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13875","article-title":"Endothelial Cell Telomere Dysfunction Induces Senescence and Results in Vascular and Metabolic Impairments","volume":"22","author":"Bloom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.05.021","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability and IgA Provoke Immune Vasculitis Linked to Cardiovascular Inflammation","volume":"51","author":"Wakita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Permeability, and Systemic Inflammation: A Narrative Review","volume":"19","author":"Petito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000147534.69062.dc","article-title":"Potential Role of Endotoxin as a Proinflammatory Mediator of Atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Stoll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad, S., and Thiemermann, C. (2021). Role of Metabolic Endotoxemia in Systemic Inflammation and Potential Interventions. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594150"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30477-3","article-title":"Metabolic Regulation by the Intestinal Metformin-AMPK Axis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2011.12.005","article-title":"AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Controls the Aging Process via an Integrated Signaling Network","volume":"11","author":"Salminen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180167","article-title":"Metformin Inhibits Inflammatory Signals in the Gut by Controlling AMPK and P38 MAP Kinase Activation","volume":"132","author":"Dinallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, D., Park, R., Kim, H., Jang, M., Lee, E.J., Jang, I.S., and Park, J. (2018). AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates the Expression of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207864"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201005160","article-title":"SIRT1 Contributes to Telomere Maintenance and Augments Global Homologous Recombination","volume":"191","author":"Palacios","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2017.04.004","article-title":"Telomere Shortening during Aging: Attenuation by Antioxidants and Anti-Inflammatory Agents","volume":"164","author":"Prasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Daghri, N.M., Abdi, S., Sabico, S., Alnaami, A.M., Wani, K.A., Ansari, M.G.A., Khattak, M.N.K., Khan, N., Tripathi, G., and Chrousos, G.P. (2021). Gut-Derived Endotoxin and Telomere Length Attrition in Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111693"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/10\/1250\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:14:53Z","timestamp":1760112893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/10\/1250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13101250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13101250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]}}}