{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:32:14Z","timestamp":1768433534432,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Queensland, Australia","award":["IC180100045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC180100045"]}]},{"name":"University of Queensland, Australia","award":["98352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98352"]}]},{"name":"Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa","award":["IC180100045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC180100045"]}]},{"name":"Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa","award":["98352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98352"]}]},{"name":"ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods","award":["IC180100045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC180100045"]}]},{"name":"ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods","award":["98352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98352"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"The National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC180100045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC180100045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"The National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["98352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Spiny saltbush (Rhagodia spinscens) is a halophyte species with the potential to provide natural ingredients used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In food and pharmaceutical applications, drying is necessary to maintain shelf-life, which reduces phytonutrient content. In this study, changes in the nutritional composition, phenolic and carotenoid profiles of radical antioxidant scavenging activity [(2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS)], antioxidant power [ferric reducing antioxidant ability assay (FRAP)], and cytotoxicity of freeze- and oven-dried (55 \u00b0C for 24 h) spiny saltbush were determined. Sodium (4.72 g\/100 g dry weight (DW), potassium (6.86 g\/100 g DW), calcium (4.06 g\/100 g DW), zinc (372 mg\/kg DW) and protein content were higher in oven-dried samples than freeze-dried samples. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis detected 18 metabolites in saltbush extracts. Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, and Variable Importance in Projection discriminated between freeze-dried and oven-dried samples. Freeze-dried samples retained more individual metabolites than oven-dried samples, while oven-dried samples had higher antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP), lutein, trans-\u03b2 carotene, and cis-\u03b2-carotene. Correlation analysis identified potential antioxidant candidates between phenolic and carotenoid compounds. Neither freeze-dried nor oven-dried spiny saltbush samples showed cytotoxicity. The study uncovered changes in phytonutritional compounds after the oven and freeze-drying spiny saltbush, a potential salt alternative and functional ingredient for the food industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T05:21:59Z","timestamp":1731388919000},"page":"1382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Drying on Phytonutritional Compounds, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Spiny Saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7586-4765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sephora Mutombo","family":"Mianda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemical Food Network, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5292-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2402-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleha","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oladipupo","family":"Adiamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dharini","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemical Food Network, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6315-5996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmina","family":"Sultanbawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2024, September 17). 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