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Although SPS did not directly cause chronic hypertension in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, it induced acute but transient increases in blood pressure and heart rate and significantly altered the expression of hypertension-associated genes, such as vasopressin, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and FOSL1 in the PVN. Notably, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) were predominantly elevated in the pre-autonomic regions of the PVN, colocalizing with AT1R- and FOSL1-expressing cells, suggesting that oxidative stress may amplify sympathetic activation and stress responses. SPS also increased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF\u03b1 and IL1\u03b2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the aorta, and impaired vascular reactivity to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator stimuli, reflecting compromised vascular function. These findings suggest that SPS-sensitize neuroendocrine, autonomic, and vascular pathways create a state of cardiovascular vulnerability that could predispose individuals to hypertension when exposed to additional stressors. Understanding these mechanisms provides critical insights into the pathophysiology of stress-related cardiovascular disorders and underscores the need for targeted therapeutic interventions that address oxidative stress and modulate altered PVN pathways to mitigate the cardiovascular impact of PTSD and related conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T03:57:04Z","timestamp":1732075024000},"page":"1423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["PTSD Increases Risk for Hypertension Development Through PVN Activation and Vascular Dysfunction in Sprague Dawley Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8558-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1639-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing-hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6624-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanrong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiying","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3200\/BMED.34.4.125-132","article-title":"Hypertension in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in the US National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"34","author":"Kibler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. 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