{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:04Z","timestamp":1783468804336,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Projects","award":["22ZY1QA004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZY1QA004"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Projects","award":["2024QB-064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QB-064"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Projects","award":["GDKM2022-96"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDKM2022-96"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Department of Education Young Doctor support project","award":["22ZY1QA004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZY1QA004"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Department of Education Young Doctor support project","award":["2024QB-064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QB-064"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Department of Education Young Doctor support project","award":["GDKM2022-96"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDKM2022-96"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Guangdong Vocational College of Science and Trade","award":["22ZY1QA004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZY1QA004"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Guangdong Vocational College of Science and Trade","award":["2024QB-064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QB-064"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Guangdong Vocational College of Science and Trade","award":["GDKM2022-96"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDKM2022-96"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a critical disease usually infected by Staphylococcus aureus, with a worldwide effect on dairy animals, subclinical mastitis is characterized by persistence and treatment resistance. During mastitis, the blood\u2013milk barrier (BMB)\u2019s integrity is impaired, resulting in pathogen invasion and milk quality decline. In this study, it was found that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), a natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound derived from ginseng, inhibited the onset of tight junction (TJ) dysfunction and ameliorated lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced BMB disruption inside and outside the organisms. According to subsequent mechanistic studies, Rg1 inhibited excessive autophagy and inactivated the NLRP3 inflammasome by blockading ROS generation, thereby alleviating TJ dysfunction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3) was identified as a potential target of Rg1 by means of molecular docking plus network pharmacology analysis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that Rg1 inhibited the oxidative stress levels by activating PPAR\u03b3, and regulating the upstream autophagy-related AMPK\/mTOR signaling pathway, thus decreasing excessive in vivo and in vitro autophagy. The ROS\/autophagy\/NLRP3 inflammasome axis was identified as a promising target for treating subclinical bovine mastitis in this study. In conclusion, Rg1 is proven to alleviate BMB disruption by activating PPAR\u03b3 to inhibit oxidative stress and subsequent excessive autophagy in the case of subclinical bovine mastitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T03:59:01Z","timestamp":1732507141000},"page":"1446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ginsenoside Rg1 Alleviates Blood\u2013Milk Barrier Disruption in Subclinical Bovine Mastitis by Regulating Oxidative Stress-Induced Excessive Autophagy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weitao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5790-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longfei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119000338","article-title":"The genetic background of clinical mastitis in Holstein-Friesian cattle","volume":"13","author":"Szyda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.07.012","article-title":"Expression of bovine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2) in neutrophils and a mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) in response to various bacterial cell wall components","volume":"186","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10727","article-title":"Invited review: Role of bacterial endotoxins in the etiopathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"Eckel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6376","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-20029","article-title":"Invited review: The role of the blood-milk barrier and its manipulation for the efficacy of the mammary immune response and milk production","volume":"104","author":"Wellnitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1845","article-title":"Pathogen-specific immune response and changes in the blood-milk barrier of the bovine mammary gland","volume":"95","author":"Bruckmaier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Liu, G., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Cao, Z., Yang, H., and Li, S. (2021). Lactobacillus casei Zhang Counteracts Blood-Milk Barrier Disruption and Moderates the Inflammatory Response in Escherichia coli-Induced Mastitis. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.675492"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Ye, J., Liu, D., Chen, Y., Lian, C., Wang, R., and Gao, Y. (2022). Houttuynia Essential Oil and its Self-Microemulsion Preparation Protect Against LPS-Induced Murine Mastitis by Restoring the Blood-Milk Barrier and Inhibiting Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.842189"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1378838","article-title":"Autophagy pathway: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3802","article-title":"Autophagy modulation as a potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases","volume":"11","author":"Rubinsztein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5371","article-title":"An overview of autophagy: Morphology, mechanism, and regulation","volume":"20","author":"Parzych","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.018","article-title":"Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism","volume":"54","author":"Deretic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2018.05.025","article-title":"A\u03b21-42 oligomer induces alteration of tight junction scaffold proteins via RAGE-mediated autophagy in bEnd.3 cells","volume":"369","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1389823","article-title":"Autophagy and inflammation in chronic respiratory disease","volume":"14","author":"Racanelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01512-7","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging biomaterials for anti-inflammatory diseases: From mechanism to therapy","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0827-4","article-title":"Mitochondria and the NLRP3 inflammasome: Physiological and pathological relevance","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, N., Jeltema, D., Duan, Y., and He, Y. (2019). The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02985-x","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in endothelial dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, C., Yuan, B., Meng, Y., Cong, S., Che, H., Ji, X., Wang, H., Chen, C., Li, X., and Jiang, H. (2023). Puerarin Alleviates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress and Blood-Milk Barrier Impairment in Dairy Cows. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097742"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.08.004","article-title":"Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106805","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 prevent and treat inflammatory diseases: A review","volume":"87","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.026","article-title":"Protective effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice through suppression of inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Xin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000484578","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 Protects Cardiomyocytes Against Hypoxia\/Reoxygenation Injury via Activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling and Inhibition of JNK","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2325391","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rg1 Rescues Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors via Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Neural Inflammation in Rats","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2021.07.008","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 promoted the wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers via miR-489-3p\/Sirt1 axis","volume":"147","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.03.032","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates blood-brain barrier disruption and traumatic brain injury via attenuating macrophages derived exosomes miR-21 release","volume":"11","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2017.1305968","article-title":"Calcium oxalate crystals induces tight junction disruption in distal renal tubular epithelial cells by activating ROS\/Akt\/p38 MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.01.011","article-title":"Arsenic downregulates tight junction claudin proteins through p38 and NF-\u03baB in intestinal epithelial cell line, HT-29","volume":"379","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2608","article-title":"TRPM2 links oxidative stress to NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"4","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10381","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13023","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention","volume":"100","author":"Ruegg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zecconi, A., Meroni, G., Sora, V., Mattina, R., Cipolla, M., and Zanini, L. (2021). Total and Differential Cell Counts as a Tool to Identify Intramammary Infections in Cows after Calving. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030727"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4163","article-title":"The role of ligand efficiency metrics in drug discovery","volume":"13","author":"Hopkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Sun, W., Su, Y., Lu, N., He, Y., Sheng, X., Qi, X., Xing, K., Guo, Y., and Chang, D. (2021). Dihydrotestosterone regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in bovine endometrial epithelium cells by androgen receptor mediated EGFR\/PI3K\/Akt pathway. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.106001"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Xu, X., Fotina, H., and Fotina, T. (2023). Anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid from Taraxacum officinale on LTA-stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells via the TLR2\/NF-\u03baB pathway. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282343"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4852","article-title":"Inhibition of aerobic glycolysis alleviates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by promoting lactate\/Sirtuin3\/AMPK-regulated autophagy","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5048375","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5048375","article-title":"Selenium and Taurine Combination Is Better Than Alone in Protecting Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mammary Inflammatory Lesions via Activating PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR Signaling Pathway by Scavenging Intracellular ROS","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Ouyang, Y., Yin, H., Cui, H., Deng, H., Liu, H., Jian, Z., Fang, J., Zuo, Z., and Wang, X. (2022). Induction of autophagy via the ROS-dependent AMPK-mTOR pathway protects copper-induced spermatogenesis disorder. Redox Biol., 49.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102227"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175569","article-title":"Idebenone attenuates ferroptosis by inhibiting excessive autophagy via the ROS-AMPK-mTOR pathway to preserve cardiac function after myocardial infarction","volume":"943","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2838-4","article-title":"Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhu, Y., Chu, B., Liu, N., Chen, S., and Wang, J. (2021). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 Prevents Escherichia coli-Induced Apoptosis Through PINK1\/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy in Bovine Mastitis. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.715098"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5080843","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5080843","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Ferroptosis","volume":"2019","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J., Zhou, Y., Zhu, C., Ren, T., Zhang, Y., Xiao, L., and Fang, B. (2022). Ginsenoside Rg1 Mitigates Porcine Intestinal Tight Junction Disruptions Induced by LPS through the p38 MAPK\/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060285"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02178-z","article-title":"Divanillyl sulfone suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation via inducing mitophagy to ameliorate chronic neuropathic pain in mice","volume":"18","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2215","article-title":"Activation of autophagy by inflammatory signals limits IL-1\u03b2 production by targeting ubiquitinated inflammasomes for destruction","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1728-5","article-title":"Adrenomedullin alleviates the pyroptosis of Leydig cells by promoting autophagy via the ROS-AMPK-mTOR axis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73939","article-title":"mTOR: A pharmacologic target for autophagy regulation","volume":"125","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, S., Shi, Z., Shi, M., Li, H., Qian, X., Peng, C., Ding, X., Zhang, S., Lv, Y., and Wang, L. (2022). PPAR\u03b3\/SOD2 Protects Against Mitochondrial ROS-Dependent Apoptosis via Inhibiting ATG4D-Mediated Mitophagy to Promote Pancreatic Cancer Proliferation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.745554"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684159","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/684159","article-title":"Functional Role of PPARs in Ruminants: Potential Targets for Fine-Tuning Metabolism during Growth and Lactation","volume":"2013","author":"Bionaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.02.014","article-title":"PPARs are a unique set of fatty acid regulated transcription factors controlling both lipid metabolism and inflammation","volume":"1812","author":"Varga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7097450","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7097450","article-title":"2,4-Thiazolidinedione Treatment Improves the Innate Immune Response in Dairy Goats with Induced Subclinical Mastitis","volume":"2017","author":"Rosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2484","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 suppressed inflammation and neuron apoptosis by activating PPAR\u03b3\/HO-1 in hippocampus in rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7842082","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7842082","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPAR\u03b3-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways","volume":"2017","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/12\/1446\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:38:24Z","timestamp":1760114304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/12\/1446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13121446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13121446","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]}}}