{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:55:20Z","timestamp":1787741720915,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis, a major cause of cardiovascular diseases, is influenced by modifiable factors such as adiposity and blood cholesterol. Diet is crucial in these areas, particularly regarding antioxidant, inflammatory, and obesity effects. Coffee, a globally popular stimulant beverage, has garnered significant attention for its potential impact on cardiovascular diseases. Recent insights reinforce the need to re-examine the relationship between coffee consumption and atherosclerosis progression. Coffee\u2019s complex composition includes polyphenols, renowned for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as potential weight-reducing effects. In addition, studies have demonstrated that certain coffee compounds such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acid can prevent atherogenesis by preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. Conversely, diterpenes, found in some coffee brews, can elevate cholesterol levels, posing a risk to coronary health. Notably, coffee intake has been shown to influence gut microbiota diversity, potentially contributing to anti-obesity effects. This review explores the insights from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the potential mechanisms through which coffee consumption may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis\u2014highlighting the potential benefits of moderate filtered coffee consumption and the potential risks associated with excessive coffee consumption. Understanding this relationship is crucial for informing public health recommendations and guiding future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T07:18:42Z","timestamp":1732691922000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Coffee: Fuel for Your Day or Foe for Your Arteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabel","family":"Buelna-Chontal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology, Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Coffee Organization [ICO] (2024, July 31). Coffee Report and Outlook, December 2023 [PDF]. Available online: https:\/\/icocoffee.org\/documents\/cy2023-24\/Coffee_Report_and_Outlook_December_2023_ICO.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farag, M.A., Zayed, A., Sallam, I.E., Abdelwareth, A., and Wessjohann, L.A. (2022). Metabolomics-Based Approach for Coffee Beverage Improvement in the Context of Processing, Brewing Methods, and Quality Attributes. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11060864"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.09.018","article-title":"Induction of cancer chemopreventive enzymes by coffee is mediated by transcription factor Nrf2. Evidence that the coffee-specific diterpenes cafestol and kahweol confer protection against acrolein","volume":"226","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1726-x","article-title":"Moderate consumption of a soluble green\/roasted coffee rich in caffeoylquinic acids reduces cardiovascular risk markers: Results from a randomized, cross-over, controlled trial in healthy and hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"58","author":"Mateos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanmugam, G. (2024). Polyphenols: Potent protectors against chronic diseases. Nat. Prod. Res., 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2386402"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.208280","article-title":"Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, caffeine, and tea consumption in young adulthood and atherosclerosis later in life: The CARDIA study","volume":"30","author":"Reis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalili-Moghadam, S., Hedayati, M., Golzarand, M., and Mirmiran, P. (2023). Effects of green coffee aqueous extract supplementation on glycemic indices, lipid profile, CRP, and malondialdehyde in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1241844"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2019.10.002","article-title":"Chemical composition and health properties of coffee and coffee by-products","volume":"91","author":"Pagnoncelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2022.2161379","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid: Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects on the oxidative degradation pathway","volume":"56","author":"Purushothaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007000663","article-title":"Inflammation, obesity and comorbidities: The role of diet","volume":"10","author":"Aranceta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48382-5_15","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity","volume":"960","author":"Engin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, N., and Wagner, K.D. (2020). The Role of PPARs in Disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112367"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01365-7","article-title":"Anti-obesity effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine-lipid nanoparticles through PPAR-\u03b3\/C\/EBP-\u0251 pathways","volume":"47","author":"Uner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO01130E","article-title":"Identification and screening of novel diterpenoids from roasted arabica coffee in the regulation of lipid content in white adipocytes","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quarta, S., Scoditti, E., Carluccio, M.A., Calabriso, N., Santarpino, G., Damiano, F., Siculella, L., Wabitsch, M., Verri, T., and Favari, C. (2021). Coffee Bioactive N-Methylpyridinium Attenuates Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-\u03b1-Mediated Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Human Adipocytes. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101545"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"E84","article-title":"Potential of Coffee Fruit Extract and Quinic Acid on Adipogenesis and Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes","volume":"64","author":"Duangjai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kobe J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514001652","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid and caffeine in combination inhibit fat accumulation by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism-related enzymes in mice","volume":"112","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, B.C., Soares, A.C., Martinsm, F.F., Resende, A.C., Inada, K.O.P., Souza-Mello, V., Nunes, N.M., and Daleprane, J.B. (2023). Coffee consumption prevents obesity-related comorbidities and attenuates brown adipose tissue whitening in high-fat diet-fed mice. J. Nutr. Biochem., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109336"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02311-4","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid in green bean coffee on body weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Kanchanasurakit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517003439","article-title":"Effects of green coffee extract supplementation on anthropometric indices, glycaemic control, blood pressure, lipid profile, insulin resistance and appetite in patients with the metabolic syndrome: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"119","author":"Roshan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.08.004","article-title":"Association of habitual coffee consumption with obesity, sarcopenia, bone mineral density and cardiovascular risk factors: A two-year follow-up study in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"42","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.02.004","article-title":"Increase from low to moderate, but not high, caffeinated coffee consumption is associated with favorable changes in body fat","volume":"42","author":"Henn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.07.020","article-title":"GC\/MS method to quantify bioavailable phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity determination of plasma after acute coffee consumption in human volunteers","volume":"89","author":"Osorio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.12.009","article-title":"Chronic coffee consumption in the diet-induced obese rat: Impact on gut microbiota and serum metabolomics","volume":"25","author":"Cowan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Gao, Y., Ma, Y., and Wen, D. (2021). Chlorogenic Acid-Induced Gut Microbiota Improves Metabolic Endotoxemia. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.762691"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.183","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Jonsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caro-G\u00f3mez, E., Sierra, J.A., Escobar, J.S., \u00c1lvarez-Quintero, R., Naranjo, M., Medina, S., Vel\u00e1squez-Mej\u00eda, E.P., Tabares-Guevara, J.H., Jaramillo, J.C., and Le\u00f3n-Varela, Y.M. (2019). Green Coffee Extract Improves Cardiometabolic Parameters and Modulates Gut Microbiota in High-Fat-Diet-Fed ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 Mice. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030497"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalcanti, M.H., Roseira, J.P.S., Leandro, E.D.S., and Arruda, S.F. (2022). Effect of a freeze-dried coffee solution in a high-fat diet-induced obesity model in rats: Impact on inflammatory response, lipid profile, and gut microbiota. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262270"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Huneidi, W., Anjum, S., Bajbouj, K., Abu-Gharbieh, E., and Taneera, J. (2021). The Coffee Diterpene, Kahweol, Ameliorates Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Function in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Treated Rat INS-1 Cells through NF-kB and p-AKT\/Bcl-2 Pathways. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175167"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"97","article-title":"Screening of natural compounds as activators of the keap1-nrf2 pathway","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.01.020","article-title":"Caffeine prevents LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells and zebrafish","volume":"248","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.04.008","article-title":"Caffeine inhibits STAT1 signaling and downregulates inflammatory pathways involved in autoimmunity","volume":"192","author":"Iris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13917","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid rich in coffee pulp extract suppresses inflammatory status by inhibiting the p38, MAPK, and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"9","author":"Ontawong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-014-0389-3","article-title":"Coffee intake mitigated inflammation and obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"9","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.12.035","article-title":"Impact of acute caffeine ingestion on endothelial function in subjects with and without coronary artery disease","volume":"107","author":"Shechter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy295","article-title":"Coffee consumption and plasma biomarkers of metabolic and inflammatory pathways in US health professionals","volume":"109","author":"Hang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.888","article-title":"Coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and diabetic women","volume":"84","author":"Qi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0198","article-title":"Influence of 2-Weeks Ingestion of High Chlorogenic Acid Coffee on Mood State, Performance, and Postexercise Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"28","author":"Nieman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28548","article-title":"Effects of coffee consumption on subclinical inflammation and other risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A clinical trial","volume":"91","author":"Kempf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimi, M.R., Semenova, E.A., Larin, A.K., Kulemin, N.A., Generozov, E.V., \u0141ubkowska, B., Ahmetov, I.I., and Golpasandi, H. (2023). The ADORA2A TT Genotype Is Associated with Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Caffeine in Response to Resistance Exercise and Habitual Coffee Intake. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071634"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600328","article-title":"Coffee consumption modulates inflammatory processes in an individual fashion","volume":"60","author":"Muqaku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1900-1","article-title":"Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine","volume":"211","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3955","article-title":"Adenosine receptors as drug targets\u2014What are the challenges?","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9631","DOI":"10.1021\/jf302258u","article-title":"Effect of coffee combining green coffee bean constituents with typical roasting products on the Nrf2\/ARE pathway in vitro and in vivo","volume":"60","author":"Volz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr086","article-title":"Sequence variants at CYP1A1-CYP1A2 and AHR associate with coffee consumption","volume":"20","author":"Sulem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodas, L., Riera-Sampol, A., Aguilo, A., Mart\u00ednez, S., and Tauler, P. (2020). Effects of Habitual Caffeine Intake, Physical Activity Levels, and Sedentary Behavior on the Inflammatory Status in a Healthy Population. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082325"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guercia, E., Berti, F., De Zorzi, R., Navarini, L., Geremia, S., Medagli, B., De Conto, M., Cassetta, A., and Forzato, C. (2024). On the Cholesterol Raising Effect of Coffee Diterpenes Cafestol and 16-O-Methylcafestol: Interaction with Farnesoid X Receptor. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116096"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.12.004","article-title":"Coffee extraction: A review of parameters and their influence on the physicochemical characteristics and flavour of coffee brews","volume":"96","author":"Cordoba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janda, K., Jakubczyk, K., Baranowska-Bosiacka, I., Kapczuk, P., Kochman, J., R\u0119bacz-Maron, E., and Gutowska, I. (2020). Mineral Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Coffee Beverages Depending on the Brewing Method. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9020121"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"100904","article-title":"Influence of coffee consumption on serum lipid profile parameters: Can coffee consumption lead to health consequences in humans?","volume":"14","author":"Alawneh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.68","article-title":"The effect of coffee consumption on serum lipids: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"66","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-48","article-title":"Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Naidoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.11.3064","article-title":"Cafestol, the cholesterol-raising factor in boiled coffee, suppresses bile acid synthesis by downregulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase in rat hepatocytes","volume":"17","author":"Post","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"17455057221112268","article-title":"The association of coffee consumption rate with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, non-HDL levels, and TC\/HDL ratio in females with vitamin D deficiency","volume":"18","author":"Habash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S276395","article-title":"Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Relation to Coffee Consumption Among Taiwanese Adults","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02946-4","article-title":"Association between coffee consumption with serum lipid profile in ELSA-Brasil study: A metabolomic approach","volume":"61","author":"Miranda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001946","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001946","article-title":"Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: The Troms\u00f8 Study 2015\u20132016","volume":"9","author":"Svatun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.07.011","article-title":"Inverse relations of serum phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines with vascular damage and heart rate in patients with atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Paapstel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002500","article-title":"Lipidomics profiling and risk of cardiovascular disease in the prospective population-based Bruneck study","volume":"129","author":"Stegemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9105-4","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of oxylipins in plasma and atherosclerotic plaques of hypercholesterolemic rabbits","volume":"408","author":"Bojic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0579-2","article-title":"Current knowledge on the mechanism of atherosclerosis and pro-atherosclerotic properties of oxysterols","volume":"16","author":"Szterk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6962","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0710985","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant activity of coffee compounds and their metabolites","volume":"55","author":"Leake","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alnsour, L., Issa, R., Awwad, S., Albals, D., and Al-Momani, I. (2022). Quantification of Total Phenols and Antioxidants in Coffee Samples of Different Origins and Evaluation of the Effect of Degree of Roasting on Their Levels. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051591"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"70","article-title":"Effects of coffee consumption on oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins and serum lipid levels in humans","volume":"69","author":"Yukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.3.604","article-title":"Coffee drinking induces incorporation of phenolic acids into LDL and increases the resistance of LDL to ex vivo oxidation in humans","volume":"86","author":"Natella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-012-0297-x","article-title":"Medium light and medium roast paper-filtered coffee increased antioxidant capacity in healthy volunteers: Results of a randomized trial","volume":"67","author":"Monteiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10399","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO02114B","article-title":"The colonic polyphenol catabolite dihydroferulic acid (DHFA) regulates macrophages activated by oxidized LDL, 7-ketocholesterol, and LPS switching from pro- to anti-inflammatory mediators","volume":"15","author":"Rivera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.020","article-title":"Oxylipin regulation by phenolic compounds from coffee beverage: Positive outcomes from a randomized controlled trial in healthy adults and macrophage derived foam cells","volume":"160","author":"Medina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.10.012","article-title":"The effect of coffee intake on lysophosphatidylcholines: A targeted metabolomic approach","volume":"36","author":"Miranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuang, A., Erlund, I., Herder, C., Westerhuis, J.A., Tuomilehto, J., and Cornelis, M.C. (2018). Lipidomic Response to Coffee Consumption. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121851"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tung, W.C., Rizzo, B., Dabbagh, Y., Saraswat, S., Romanczyk, M., Codorniu-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Rebollido-Rios, R., Needs, P.W., Kroon, P.A., and Rakotomanomana, N. (2020). Polyphenols bind to low density lipoprotein at biologically relevant concentrations that are protective for heart disease. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 694.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108589"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2022.0068","article-title":"Coffee and cardiac arrhythmias: Up-date review of the literature and clinical studies","volume":"30","author":"Surma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2018.09.019","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of caffeinated beverages","volume":"29","author":"Voskoboinik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2024.06.016","article-title":"Effects of coffee on cognitive function","volume":"288","author":"Meamar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"3230","article-title":"Caffeine addiction and determinants of caffeine consumption among health care providers: A descriptive national study","volume":"27","author":"Amer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/12\/1455\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:40:40Z","timestamp":1760114440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/13\/12\/1455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox13121455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13121455","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]}}}