{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:58:48Z","timestamp":1791932328297,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prolonged consumption of D-galactose (Gal) has been associated with severe damage in the liver and brain via exacerbation of oxidative stress, non-enzymatic glycation, and the aging process. The current study was initiated for a comparative assessment of beeswax alcohol (BWA, final 0.5% and 1.0% w\/w) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, final 0.5% and 1.0% w\/w) against high-cholesterol (HC, final 4%, w\/w) and -galactose (Gal, final 30%, w\/w)-induced adverse events in zebrafish during 24 weeks of consumption. The survivability of zebrafish decreased to 82.1% due to HC+Gal exposure, but this was substantially improved (91.0%) with the consumption of 0.5% and 1.0% BWA. In contrast, no protective effect of CoQ10 consumption (1.0%) was observed on the survivability of zebrafish. Nevertheless, both BWA and CoQ10 displayed a significant (p &lt; 0.001) preventive effect against HC+Gal-induced body weight enhancement. The HC+Gal-induced cognitive changes, marked by staggered and confused swimming behavior, and retarded swimming speed and motion patterns (restricted to the bottom of the tank), were efficiently restored by BWA. A significantly higher residence time in the upper half of the tank, 3.1-and 4.5-fold reduced latency time along with 3.5-fold and 4.1-fold higher swimming distance, was logged in the 0.5% and 1.0% BWA groups, respectively, than the zebrafish that consumed HC+Gal. In addition, BWA effectively enhanced plasma ferric ion reduction (FRA) and paraoxonase (PON) activity and alleviated the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and blood glucose levels disrupted by the consumption of HC+Gal. Also, the HC+Gal-alleviated plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was 2.6-fold (p &lt; 0.001) enhanced in the group that consumed 1.0% BWA, which was significantly 1.5-fold (p &lt; 0.001) better than the effect of 1.0% CoQ10. Similarly, BWA displayed a superior impact over CoQ10 to mitigate HC+Gal-induced plasma AST and ALT levels, hepatic IL-6 production, generation of oxidized species, cellular senescence, and fatty liver changes. Moreover, BWA protects the brain against HC+Gal-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and myelin sheath degeneration. Conclusively, compared to CoQ10, BWA efficiently can the HC+Gal-impaired brain and liver functionality to subside and improves the dyslipidemia and cognitive behavior of zebrafish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T08:33:51Z","timestamp":1733387631000},"page":"1488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Consumption of Beeswax Alcohol (BWA, Raydel\u00ae) Improved Zebrafish Motion and Swimming Endurance by Protecting the Brain and Liver from Oxidative Stress Induced by 24 Weeks of Supplementation with High-Cholesterol and D-Galactose Diets: A Comparative Analysis Between BWA and Coenzyme Q10"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Bahuguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae-Eun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Shin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111372","article-title":"D-galactose-induced liver aging model: Its underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions","volume":"150","author":"Azman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. 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