{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:43:22Z","timestamp":1790952202576,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021R1C1C1006089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1006089"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022R1C1C2013133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C2013133"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["2021R1C1C1006089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1006089"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["2022R1C1C2013133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C2013133"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital","award":["2021R1C1C1006089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1006089"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital","award":["2022R1C1C2013133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C2013133"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}]},{"name":"the Center for University-wide Research Facilities (CURF) at Jeonbuk National University","award":["2021R1C1C1006089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1006089"]}]},{"name":"the Center for University-wide Research Facilities (CURF) at Jeonbuk National University","award":["2022R1C1C2013133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C2013133"]}]},{"name":"the Center for University-wide Research Facilities (CURF) at Jeonbuk National University","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by abnormal immune responses and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Limonin, a bioactive compound found in citrus fruits, has anti-inflammatory properties in various models; however, its effects on psoriasis are not fully understood. We investigated the therapeutic potential of limonin in a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced psoriasis mouse model. Mice were treated with TPA to induce psoriasis-like skin lesions, followed by intraperitoneal administration of limonin (200 or 400 \u03bcg\/mouse) for six days. The results showed that limonin improved psoriasis-related symptoms in a psoriasis-like mouse model by suppressing the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related antimicrobial peptides and regulating the expansion of myeloid cells and T cells. Specifically, limonin reduced glucose uptake and oxidative phosphorylation to shift the metabolic program in the inflamed skin cells of psoriasis-like mice. Limonin activates AMPK and proteins related to mTOR inhibition, thereby suppressing the mTOR signaling pathway. It also inhibits mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial ROS production, thereby preventing the development of dysfunctional mitochondria in inflamed skin cells. Overall, limonin modulates key immune responses and metabolic pathways related to inflammation and mitochondrial health in psoriasis. Therefore, it is a promising natural candidate for the treatment of psoriasis and various inflammatory skin diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1734340678000},"page":"1541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Limonin Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Inhibiting mTORC1 and Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Psoriatic-like Skin Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9644-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Taek","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3065-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Yeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Kyeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Institute for Medical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12954-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"361","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200506060-00005","article-title":"The psychosocial burden of psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Kimball","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. 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