{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:01Z","timestamp":1760146921543,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Biolitec company"},{"name":"University of Duisburg-Essen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Degenerative aortic valve disease (DAVD) is a multifactorial process. We developed an animal model to analyze the isolated, local effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on its pathophysiology. Methods: We utilized a photodynamic reaction (PDR) as a source of ROS in the aortic valve by aiming a laser at the aortic valve for 60 min after the administration of a photosensitizer 24 h prior. ROS, laser, and sham groups (n = 7 each) for every observation period (t = 0; t = 8 d; t = 84 d; t = 168 d) were established. The amount of ROS generation; morphological changes; inflammatory, immune, and apoptotic reactions; and hemodynamic changes in the aortic valves were assessed using appropriate histological, immunohistological, immunohistochemical, and echocardiographic methods. Results: The ROS group displayed an increased amount of ROS (p &lt; 0.01) and increased inflammatory activation of the endothelium (p &lt; 0.05) at t = 0. In the ROS group, aortic valves were calcified (p &lt; 0.05) and the transvalvular gradient was increased (p &lt; 0.01) at t = 168 d. Conclusion: The small animal model employed here may serve as a platform for analyzing ROS\u2019s isolated role in the DAVD context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1734667660000},"page":"1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Focal Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species in Rats as a Trigger of Aortic Valve Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jessica Isabel","family":"Selig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukiharu","family":"Sugimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Katahira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Polidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Alida","family":"Jacobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Medovoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Betke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mareike","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-6369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Lichtenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Dusseldorf (CARID), University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Payam","family":"Akhyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan-Philipp","family":"Minol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx391","article-title":"2017 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"38","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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