{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:43:34Z","timestamp":1784097814659,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["RYC2021-034540-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-034540-I"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["FPU19\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/0013"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union","award":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union","award":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union","award":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union","award":["RYC2021-034540-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-034540-I"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union","award":["FPU19\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/0013"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["RYC2021-034540-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-034540-I"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["FPU19\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/0013"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["RYC2021-034540-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-034540-I"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["FPU19\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/0013"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137678OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBER CB06\/04\/0071"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM\/2021\/044"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["RYC2021-034540-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-034540-I"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities","award":["FPU19\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/0013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant that can harm human health, ultimately leading to endothelial dysfunction. Hg toxicity is partially mediated by the exposure of the cell membrane\u2019s surface of erythrocytes (RBCs) to phosphatidylserine (PS). In the context of these challenges, hydroxytyrosol, a phenolic compound of olive oil, has the ability to mitigate the toxic effects of Hg. This study aims to analyze the effect of Hg on the adhesion of RBCs and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) to the vascular endothelium and the potential protective effect of hydroxytyrosol, as these interactions are crucial in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). RBCs, PMNs, and human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with increasing concentrations of HgCl2 and, in some cases, with hydroxytyrosol, and their adhesion to HUVECs and the expression of adhesion molecules were subsequently analyzed. Our results demonstrate that HgCl2 significantly increases the adhesion of both RBCs (2.72 \u00b1 0.48 S.E.M., p-value &lt; 0.02) and PMNs (11.19 \u00b1 1.96 S.E.M., p-value &lt; 0.05) to HUVECs and that their adhesiveness is significantly reduced following treatment with hydroxytyrosol (RBCs, 1.2 \u00b1 1.18 S.E.M., p-value &lt; 0.02 and PMNs, 4.04 \u00b1 1.35 S.E.M., p-value &lt; 0.06). Interestingly, HgCl2 does not alter the expression of adhesion molecules on either HUVECs or RBCs, suggesting that reduced exposure to PS is a key factor in hydroxytyrosol protection against HgCl2-induced RBC adhesion to the endothelium. On the other hand, HgCl2 induces increased expression of several PMN adhesion molecules (CD11b 215.4 \u00b1 30.83 S.E.M. p-value &lt; 0.01), while hydroxytyrosol inhibits their expression (e.g., CD11b 149 \u00b1 14.35 S.E.M., p-value &lt; 0.03), which would seem to be the mechanism by which hydroxytyrosol restricts PMN\u2013endothelium interactions. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms through which hydroxytyrosol mitigates the harmful effects of Hg on cardiovascular health, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent that can reduce the cardiovascular risk related to heavy metal exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T08:40:25Z","timestamp":1734684025000},"page":"1576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Increased Adhesiveness of Blood Cells Induced by Mercury Chloride: Protective Effect of Hydroxytyrosol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Perrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Ortega-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9603-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-9746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Ribelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Collado-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7743-2","article-title":"Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation of Mercury: An Essence Review","volume":"191","author":"Raj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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