{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:16:43Z","timestamp":1791832603985,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Omega-3 fatty acids are critical components of cell membranes, including those in the retina. Specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the primary omega-3 fatty acids that have been studied for their potential benefits in retinal health, preventing the progression of retinopathy. Several studies have shown that a higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a lower risk of developing diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reviewing clinical trials and observational studies that support the protective role of omega-3s in retinal disorders is essential. This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the current literature on the role of omega-3 fatty acids, exploring their mechanisms of action and anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and neuroprotective roles in the retina. Omega-3s have been shown to inhibit abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina, which is a significant factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular AMD. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids are often studied with other nutrients, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamins, for their synergistic effects on retinal health. Reviewing these combinations can help understand how omega-3s can be part of a comprehensive approach to preventing or treating retinopathies, especially in diabetic patients. This review emphasizes the preventive function of EPA and DHA in alleviating oxidative stress-related damage in retinal diseases, concentrating on their antioxidative mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T10:58:32Z","timestamp":1735037912000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): A Targeted Antioxidant Strategy to Counter Oxidative Stress in Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zeppieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Gagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Mediterranean Foundation \u201cG.B. Morgagni\u201d, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7938-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"D\u2019Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG) Unit, Imperial College, 153\u2013173 Marylebone Rd, London NW1 5QH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutali","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Edo State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Africa Eye Laser Centre, Benin City 300105, Edo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Gattazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedaliera, 35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6675-4374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Sole","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedaliera, 35127 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7533-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico Bernardo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program, Arterial Hypertension and Vascular Biology ARHYVAB, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedaliera, 35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Babighian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedaliera, 35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-39","article-title":"New Approach to Modulate Retinal Cellular Toxic Effects of High Glucose Using Marine Epa and Dha","volume":"8","author":"Dutot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. 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