{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T19:56:59Z","timestamp":1788638219255,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2320-B-A49-028-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2320-B-A49-028-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2320-B-010-029-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2320-B-010-029-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CGMH-NYCU-113-CORPG2P0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NYCU-113-CORPG2P0061"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 112-2320-B-A49-028-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2320-B-A49-028-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2320-B-010-029-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2320-B-010-029-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGMH-NYCU-113-CORPG2P0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NYCU-113-CORPG2P0061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Joint Research Program","award":["NSTC 112-2320-B-A49-028-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2320-B-A49-028-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Joint Research Program","award":["MOST 109-2320-B-010-029-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2320-B-010-029-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Joint Research Program","award":["CGMH-NYCU-113-CORPG2P0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NYCU-113-CORPG2P0061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhamnus formosana is a creeping evergreen shrub endemic to Taiwan. In traditional medicine, Rhamnaceae plants are used as herbal remedies for conditions such as itching, difficulty urinating, and constipation. This study explores the inhibitory effects of various solvent extracts and bioactive components of R. formosana on \u03b1-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and antioxidant activity. The 100 \u00b0C water extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, and FRAP assays. The methanol extract demonstrated the highest \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory effect, while the ethanol extract displayed potent AChE inhibition and the acetone extract showed the most potential tyrosinase inhibitory activity among the extracts. Five main biocomponents were isolated and evaluated for their bioactivities. Among them, kaempferol (1) and quercetin (2) exhibited notable antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays. Particularly, kaempferol (1) performed the best \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory effect, physcion (5) showed the strongest AChE inhibition, and quercetin (2) demonstrated the most potential for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Further molecular docking studies revealed that there may be stronger binding mechanisms between bioactive components and target enzymes (including \u03b1-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase) than the positive control. These findings suggest that bioactive extracts and compounds from the stems of R. formosana may have potential as natural antioxidant, anti-\u03b1-glucosidase, anti-AChE, and anti-tyrosinase drug candidates or dietary supplements for the management of oxidative stress-related conditions, including hyperglycemia, pigmentation disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:32:06Z","timestamp":1735155126000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Antioxidant, Anti-\u03b1-Glucosidase, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Components from Stem of Rhamnus\u00a0formosana with Molecular Docking Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hsuan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204201, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Lun","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8662-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sin-Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Ruei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan, China"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan, China"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5680-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jih-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan, China"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic effect of Rhamnus alaternus L. aqueous extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"22","author":"Amtaghri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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