{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:39:28Z","timestamp":1787063968478,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82374256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82374256"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024YFFK0153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFFK0153"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province","award":["82374256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82374256"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province","award":["2024YFFK0153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFFK0153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially fatal acute digestive disease that is widespread globally. Although significant progress has been made in the previous decade, the study of mechanisms and therapeutic strategies is still far from being completed. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes hypoxanthine and xanthine to produce urate and is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in purine catabolism. Considerable preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted over many decades to investigate the role of XO in the pathogenesis of AP and its potential targeting therapeutic value. There is no doubt that the ROS generated by irreversibly activated XO participates in the local pancreas and multiple organ failure during AP. However, the optimal timing and doses for therapeutic interventions targeting XO in animal studies and the clinic, as well as the additional molecular mechanisms through which XO contributes to disease onset and progression, including metabolic regulation, remain to be elucidated. This review summarized the benefits and contradictions of using XO inhibitors in animal models, offered mechanisms other than ROS, and discussed the difficulties faced in clinical trials. We hope to provide a perspective on the future worthwhile basic and clinical research on XO by analyzing its chemical and biological characteristics, as well as the progress of its regulatory mechanisms in AP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T09:01:02Z","timestamp":1736931662000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Unveiling the Emerging Role of Xanthine Oxidase in Acute Pancreatitis: Beyond Reactive Oxygen Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1727-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenxia","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302779","article-title":"Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: Revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus","volume":"62","author":"Banks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.09.043","article-title":"Global Incidence of Acute Pancreatitis Is Increasing over Time: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"162","author":"Iannuzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20317","article-title":"Acute Pancreatitis: A Review","volume":"325","author":"Mederos","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31310-6","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis","volume":"396","author":"Boxhoorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.032","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on Initial Management of Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"154","author":"Crockett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"Cd011384","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for acute pancreatitis","volume":"4","author":"Moggia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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