{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T01:29:59Z","timestamp":1785461399474,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal obesity is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for adverse fetal outcomes, primarily through its association with heightened oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress markers in umbilical cord blood of neonates born to obese mothers. Sixty-three pregnant women, who were of normal weight at the start of pregnancy but classified as obese at term, were included. Umbilical cord blood samples were collected immediately post-delivery and analyzed for serum oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), paraoxanase (PON), aryl esterase, thiol, and catalase activities). Protein interaction networks were generated using Cytoscape (v3.10.3), and the overlapping proteins were further analyzed for functional annotations with ShinyGO (0.80). The top ten significantly enriched pathways were identified with a false discovery rate (FDR) threshold of &lt;0.05. Significant associations were found between maternal BMI change and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) levels in umbilical cord blood, while no correlation was observed with other oxidative (total oxidant status) and antioxidant markers (total antioxidant status, aryl esterase, thiol, and catalase). Additionally, the correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between BMI change and fetal gestational age, but not with other demographic or clinical features. A total of 24 common protein interactors associated with PON1, obesity, and oxidative stress were identified. Functional annotation analysis revealed significant enrichment in antioxidant and oxidoreductase activities, along with pathways involved in insulin resistance, AGE-RAGE signaling, and atherosclerosis. Maternal obesity may specifically affect PON1 activity, potentially serving as a compensatory response to oxidative stress in neonates, suggesting PON1 as a possible biomarker for oxidative stress-related metabolic disturbances in neonates of obese mothers, with implications for monitoring and managing pregnancy outcomes in obese populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T10:27:58Z","timestamp":1737109678000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy Increased Ponoxarase 1 Level in Neonatal Cord Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Serhat","family":"Ege","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbak\u0131r 21280, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Akduman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Pediatrics, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara 06170, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u015feg\u00fcl","family":"A\u015f\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics, Gazi Ya\u015fargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbak\u0131r 21090, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu\u011fcan","family":"Korak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000092","article-title":"Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health: A Critical Review","volume":"50","author":"Nuttall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (IOM), and National Research Council (2024, September 09). Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK32813\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee Opinion No (2013). 548. Weight Gain During Pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 121, 210\u2013212.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000425668.87506.4c"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2000). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6295","article-title":"Maternal obesity and risk of preterm delivery","volume":"309","author":"Cnattingius","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000228960.16678.bd","article-title":"Gestational weight gain and adverse neonatal outcome among term infants","volume":"108","author":"Stotland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"64","article-title":"Body Mass Index, Weight Gain during Pregnancy and Obstetric Outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Addo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ghana Med. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.22-2-e78","article-title":"Obesity and Pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Paredes","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1","article-title":"Obesity and pregnancy: Mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child","volume":"356","author":"Catalano","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Ren, J., Li, Y., Wu, Q., and Wei, J. (2023). Oxidative stress: The nexus of obesity and cognitive dysfunction in diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1134025"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21625","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Furukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-013-0283-6","article-title":"High-fat diet induced an oxidative stress in white adipose tissue and disturbed plasma transition metals in rat: Prevention by grape seed and skin extract","volume":"63","author":"Charradi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9719584","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9719584","article-title":"Nutrients and Oxidative Stress: Friend or Foe?","volume":"2018","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakubiak, G.K., Osadnik, K., Lejawa, M., Osadnik, T., Go\u0142awski, M., Lewandowski, P., and Pawlas, N. (2021). \u201cObesity and Insulin Resistance\u201d Is the Component of the Metabolic Syndrome Most Strongly Associated with Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010079"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0778","article-title":"Prolonged reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear factor-kappaB activation after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal in the obese","volume":"92","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, S., and Ruden, D.M. (2024). Heavy Metals in Umbilical Cord Blood: Effects on Epigenetics and Child Development. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13211775"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0288","article-title":"Umbilical cord blood: The promise and the uncertainty","volume":"9","author":"Ballen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szab024","article-title":"Umbilical Cord Blood and Cord Tissue-Derived Cell Therapies for Neonatal Morbidities: Current Status and Future Challenges","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e22119","article-title":"Body Mass Index (BMI): A Screening Tool Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008","article-title":"A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status","volume":"38","author":"Erel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015","article-title":"A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation","volume":"37","author":"Erel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2003.08.001","article-title":"Study of factors influencing the decreased HDL associated PON1 activity with aging","volume":"39","author":"Seres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"391","article-title":"A new automated method for phenotyping arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) based upon inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate by phenyl acetate","volume":"30","author":"Haagen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.026","article-title":"A novel and automated assay for thiol\/disulphide homeostasis","volume":"47","author":"Erel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"16","article-title":"A method of determining catalase activity","volume":"1","author":"Koroliuk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lab. Delo"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7373","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46070437","article-title":"Skimmianine Showed Neuroprotection against Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"46","author":"Ayaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u015f\u0131r, F., Duran, S.\u00c7., Af\u015fin, M., Duran, E., Korak, T., and \u015eahin, F. (2024). Investigation of Vitamin D Levels in Men with Suspected Infertility. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14020273"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46020102","article-title":"The Effects of Ellagic Acid on Experimental Corrosive Esophageal Burn Injury","volume":"46","author":"Ayaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u015f\u0131r, F., \u00d6zalp, Z., Y\u00fclek, \u00d6.U., Erdemci, F., Korak, T., and Ta\u015f, F. (2024). CITED1 expression in odontogenic cysts. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04413-4"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging","volume":"97","author":"Jomova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000058402.34138.11","article-title":"Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: Clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham study","volume":"23","author":"Larson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758432","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1758432","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: Establishment of Reference Values for Isoprostanes, AOPP, and NPBI in Cord Blood","volume":"2017","author":"Longini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmp025","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in neonates born to pre-eclamptic mother","volume":"55","author":"Howlader","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.860521","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant status among neonates born to mothers with pre-eclampsia and their early outcome","volume":"27","author":"Namdev","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760701291647","article-title":"Indices of oxidative stress in pregnancy with fetal growth restriction","volume":"41","author":"Bartosz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-11-0123","article-title":"The effect of pre-existing maternal obesity on the placental proteome: Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry","volume":"48","author":"Oliva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.03.010","article-title":"Oxidative stress and maternal obesity: Feto-placental unit interaction","volume":"35","author":"Malti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantape, T., Kongwattanakul, K., Arribas, S.M., Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez, P., Iampanichakul, M., Settheetham-Ishida, W., and Phuthong, S. (2024). Maternal Obesity Alters Placental and Umbilical Cord Plasma Oxidative Stress, a Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.2208.v1"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"329","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Placenta: Mediating Fetal Growth","volume":"113","author":"Clifton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"200","article-title":"Paraoxonase (PON1): From Toxicology to Cardiovascular Medicine","volume":"86","author":"Costa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Maternal Diets and Stress Influence on Epigenetics and Sex-Specific Programming of Metabolism in the Offspring","volume":"95","author":"Gabory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20995","article-title":"Boys Live Dangerously in the Womb","volume":"22","author":"Eriksson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"527","article-title":"Maternal Obesity Promotes a Sex-Dependent Susceptibility to Metabolic Dysfunction in Adult Offspring","volume":"131","author":"Shankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.18621\/eurj.869966","article-title":"The paraoxonase 1 activity and lipid levels in umbilical cord blood and maternal venous blood, and their relations according to birth weight","volume":"8","author":"Dilek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stadler, J.T., van Poppel, M.N.M., Christoffersen, C., Hill, D., Wadsack, C., Simmons, D., Desoye, G., Marsche, G., and Dali Core Investigator, G. (2022). Gestational Hypertension and High-Density Lipoprotein Function: An Explorative Study in Overweight\/Obese Women of the DALI Cohort. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010068"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"AGE-RAGE Axis and Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Prospects for Clinical Applications","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp050","article-title":"Maternal metabolism and obesity: Modifiable determinants of pregnancy outcome","volume":"16","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kankowski, L., Ardissino, M., McCracken, C., Lewandowski, A.J., Leeson, P., Neubauer, S., Harvey, N.C., Petersen, S.E., and Raisi-Estabragh, Z. (2022). The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Offspring Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Literature Review. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.868441"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furigo, I.C., and Dearden, L. (2022). Mechanisms mediating the impact of maternal obesity on offspring hypothalamic development and later function. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1078955"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.01.003","article-title":"Maternal obesity is associated with a lipotoxic placental environment","volume":"35","author":"Saben","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3892\/wasj.2024.286","article-title":"Exploring the complex relationship between HIF-1 (rs11549465) and NF\u03baB1 (rs28362491) variations and obesity (Review)","volume":"6","author":"Alwardat","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. J."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/1\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:30:44Z","timestamp":1759919444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/1\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14010105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14010105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}