{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:37Z","timestamp":1787027497547,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","award":["CSMU-CCH-112-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSMU-CCH-112-01"]}]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","award":["KMU-TC113A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC113A02"]}]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","award":["KMUH107-7R03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH107-7R03"]}]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","award":["KMUH109-M901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH109-M901"]}]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","award":["KMUH105-5M02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH105-5M02"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center","award":["CSMU-CCH-112-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSMU-CCH-112-01"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center","award":["KMU-TC113A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC113A02"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center","award":["KMUH107-7R03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH107-7R03"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center","award":["KMUH109-M901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH109-M901"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center","award":["KMUH105-5M02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH105-5M02"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["CSMU-CCH-112-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSMU-CCH-112-01"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["KMU-TC113A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC113A02"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["KMUH107-7R03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH107-7R03"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["KMUH109-M901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH109-M901"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["KMUH105-5M02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH105-5M02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Licochalcone A (LicoA) possesses anti-tumor properties. However, the potential therapeutic effect of LicoA on uterine leiomyomas (ULs) remains unknown. In this study, the effects of LicoA on the proliferation of ULs and its underlying mechanism were explored. LicoA treatment significantly decreased the viability of uterine smooth muscle cells (UtSMCs) and ELT3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The induction of ELT3 cell apoptosis by LicoA was accompanied by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (GRP78\/IRE1\u03b1\/ATF6\/CHOP), and the increased expression of proapoptotic proteins (c-caspase-3, c-caspase-9, and c-PARP). The ability of Z-VAD-FMK (a caspase inhibitor) and n-acetylcysteine (NAC; a cell membrane permeable antioxidant) to reverse LicoA-induced ROS-mediated ER stress pathways also observed. Furthermore, GRP78 or JNK knockdown was involved in LicoA-induced ROS-mediated ER stress and apoptosis in ELT3 cells. In immunodeficient mice, LicoA significantly suppressed the growth of ELT3 tumor cells, without toxicity. This study is the first to show that LicoA exerts anti-leiomyoma effects via the modulation of ROS-mediated ER stress-induced apoptosis through the JNK\/GRP78\/NRF2 signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Licochalcone A Induces Uterine Leiomyoma Cell Apoptosis via the ROS-Mediated JNK Activation of the GRP78\/NRF2 Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hung-Ju","family":"Chien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huang-Ming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Ju","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu-Liang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0365-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shun-Fa","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Kai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2657-565X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Jung","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4942-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hsien","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14640","article-title":"Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: A systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv030","article-title":"Epidemiological and genetic clues for molecular mechanisms involved in uterine leiomyoma development and growth","volume":"21","author":"Commandeur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38.e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.09.038","article-title":"Submucosal fibroids and the relation to heavy menstrual bleeding and anemia","volume":"210","author":"Puri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"100","article-title":"Uterine Fibroids: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"95","author":"Buchanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab039","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Uterine Fibroids: Developmental Origin, Pathogenesis, and Treatment","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S105955","article-title":"Intramural myomas: To treat or not to treat","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5787","article-title":"Etiology and pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: A review","volume":"111","author":"Flake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.99","article-title":"High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: Ultrasound evidence","volume":"188","author":"Baird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmt058","article-title":"Proceedings from the Third National Institutes of Health International Congress on Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: Comprehensive review, conference summary and future recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Segars","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.09.025","article-title":"Physiological roles of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species","volume":"48","author":"Sena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2803","article-title":"Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: A radical therapeutic approach?","volume":"8","author":"Trachootham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.17.7915","article-title":"Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging","volume":"90","author":"Ames","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.773","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and PI3K\/Akt signaling in cancer","volume":"75","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Liang, L., Matsumoto, M., Iwata, K., Umemura, A., and He, F. (2023). Reactive Oxygen Species and NRF2 Signaling, Friends or Foes in Cancer?. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020353"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12149","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150712149","article-title":"Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction coupled with the ERK signaling pathway contributes to indirect antioxidant capacity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in HepG2 cells","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Yuan, B., Huang, H., Qu, S., Yang, S., and Zeng, Z. (2018). Gastrodin induced HO-1 and Nrf2 up-regulation to alleviate H2O2-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells through p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. Rev. Bras. Pesqui. Medicas E Biol., 51.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20187439"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705951200","article-title":"Involvement of selective reactive oxygen species upstream of proapoptotic branches of unfolded protein response","volume":"283","author":"Yokouchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-00312-2","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress signals in the tumour and its microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104649","article-title":"The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human pathology","volume":"10","author":"Oakes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201600261","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Syntheses of Benzimidazole-Containing Selenadiazole Derivatives That Induce Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells by Activation of the ROS\/AKT Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3002-2-17","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C., and Kim, B. (2018). Anti-Cancer Natural Products and Their Bioactive Compounds Inducing ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis: A Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081021"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25785","article-title":"Crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis: Involvement of the dual role of autophagy under ER stress","volume":"232","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"4103","article-title":"Medicinal Plants: Their Use in Anticancer Treatment","volume":"6","author":"Greenwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Du, Y., and Gao, D. (2024). Licochalcone A: A review of its pharmacology activities and molecular mechanisms. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1453426"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0395-2","article-title":"Licochalcone A isolated from licorice suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory reactions in RAW264.7 cells and endotoxin shock in mice","volume":"86","author":"Kwon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.07.006","article-title":"Antiangiogenic effect of licochalcone A","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8266","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901054c","article-title":"Licorice and licochalcone-A induce autophagy in LNCaP prostate cancer cells by suppression of Bcl-2 expression and the mTOR pathway","volume":"57","author":"Yo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0625-2","article-title":"Antitumor and antimetastatic effects of licochalcone A in mouse models","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, N.N., Han, M., Yang, H., Yang, G.Y., Wang, Y.Y., Wu, X.K., and Liu, J.P. (2014). Chinese herbal medicine Guizhi Fuling Formula for treatment of uterine fibroids: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-2"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18195","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018195","article-title":"Prescription of Chinese herbal products is associated with a decreased risk of uterine fibroids: A population-based cohort study","volume":"98","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"CD005292","article-title":"Herbal preparations for uterine fibroids","volume":"2013","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P.H., Kung, H.L., Chen, H.Y., Huang, K.C., and Hsia, S.M. (2019). Isoliquiritigenin Suppresses E2-Induced Uterine Leiomyoma Growth through the Modulation of Cell Death Program and the Repression of ECM Accumulation. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11081131"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24156","article-title":"Licochalcone A induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis of endometrial cancer cells via upregulation of GRP78 expression","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6716","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.35626","article-title":"Metastasis-associated protein 2 regulates human hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis progression through modulating p38MAPK\/MMP2 pathways","volume":"10","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY00288A","article-title":"Measurement of DCF fluorescence as a measure of reactive oxygen species in murine islets of Langerhans","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1159\/000488433","article-title":"Protodioscin Induces Apoptosis Through ROS-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via the JNK\/p38 Activation Pathways in Human Cervical Cancer Cells","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Int. J. Exp. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.04.022","article-title":"GRP78: A cell\u2019s response to stress","volume":"226","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.01.009","article-title":"The role of MAPK signalling pathways in the response to endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"1843","author":"Darling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, R.C., Yang, S.F., Chiou, H.L., Hsieh, S.C., Wen, S.H., Lu, K.H., and Hsieh, Y.H. (2019). Licochalcone A-Induced Apoptosis Through the Activation of p38MAPK Pathway Mediated Mitochondrial Pathways of Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111441"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6196","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01643G","article-title":"Licochalcone A inhibits the invasive potential of human glioma cells by targeting the MEK\/ERK and ADAM9 signaling pathways","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, J.P., Hsiao, P.C., Yang, S.F., Hsieh, S.C., Bau, D.T., Ling, C.L., Pai, C.L., and Hsieh, Y.H. (2014). Licochalcone A suppresses migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through downregulation of MKK4\/JNK via NF-kappaB mediated urokinase plasminogen activator expression. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086537"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22630","article-title":"Synergistic antimetastatic effect of cotreatment with licochalcone A and sorafenib on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the inactivation of MKK4\/JNK and uPA expression","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1159\/000478647","article-title":"Levistolide A Induces Apoptosis via ROS-Mediated ER Stress Pathway in Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Int. J. Exp. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2021.112901","article-title":"Nerolidol inhibits proliferation of leiomyoma cells via reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage and downregulation of the ATM\/Akt pathway","volume":"191","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, J., Lee, D.E., Kim, S.M., Kim, E., and Kim, J.K. (2023). Licochalcone A Exerts Anti-Cancer Activity by Inhibiting STAT3 in SKOV3 Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051264"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2601","article-title":"LicA induces autophagy through ULK1\/Atg13 and ROS pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"41","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L.C., Chang, H.Y., Kuo, T.T., Chen, H.Y., Liu, W.S., Lo, Y.J., Hsia, S.M., and Huang, T.C. (2023). Oxidative stress mediates the inhibitory effects of Manzamine A on uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition via SOAT inhibition. Redox Biol., 66.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102861"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.M., Choi, E.S., Ha, E., Ji, K.Y., Shin, S.J., and Jung, J. (2019). Gyejibongnyeong-Hwan (Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan) Ameliorates Human Uterine Myomas via Apoptosis. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01105"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, V., Tripathi, A., Rani, A., and Dubey, P.K. (2020). Deoxyelephantopin, a novel naturally occurring phytochemical impairs growth, induces G2\/M arrest, ROS-mediated apoptosis and modulates lncRNA expression against uterine leiomyoma. Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomed. Pharmacother., 131.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110751"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23793","article-title":"Induction of immunogenic cell death effect of licoricidin in cervical cancer cells by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated high mobility group box 1 expression","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23465","article-title":"Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction dependent apoptosis signaling pathway in human renal cancer cells by norcantharidin","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, C., Zhang, T., Zhang, W., Zhou, L., Yu, B., Wang, W., Yang, Z., Liu, Z., Zou, P., and Liang, G. (2017). Licochalcone A Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Lung Cancer Cell Lines A549 and H460 by Inducing G2\/M Cell Cycle Arrest and ER Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081761"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17248","article-title":"Curcumin analog HO-3867 triggers apoptotic pathways through activating JNK1\/2 signalling in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22579","article-title":"Coronarin D induces apoptotic cell death through the JNK pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116311","article-title":"Curcumol, a major terpenoid from Curcumae Rhizoma, attenuates human uterine leiomyoma cell development via the p38MAPK\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"310","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajirahimkhan, A., Howell, C., Bartom, E.T., Dong, H., Lantvit, D.D., Xuei, X., Chen, S.N., Pauli, G.F., Bolton, J.L., and Clare, S.E. (2023). Breast cancer prevention with liquiritigenin from licorice through the inhibition of aromatase and protein biosynthesis in high-risk women\u2019s breast tissue. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34762-z"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.33393\/dti.2023.2583","article-title":"Licorice as a herbal extract in periodontal therapy","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Target Insights"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulthanan, K., Trakanwittayarak, S., Tuchinda, P., Chularojanamontri, L., Limphoka, P., and Varothai, S. (2020). A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled Study of the Efficacy of Moisturizer Containing Licochalcone A, Decanediol, L-Carnitine, and Salicylic Acid for Prevention of Acne Relapse in Asian Population. Biomed. Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2857812"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13178","article-title":"Acne treatment efficacy of intense pulsed light photodynamic therapy with topical licochalcone A, l-carnitine, and decanediol: A spilt-face, double-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Wanitphakdeedecha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/2\/148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:04Z","timestamp":1759919824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/2\/148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14020148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14020148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}