{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:34:14Z","timestamp":1788813254953,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(Poly)phenols are a wide and heterogeneous class of substances with several potential health benefits. Their role in neuroprotection and cognition is still questionable. This study\u2019s scope is to examine the possible association between total and individual (poly)phenol intake, major dietary sources, and the severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a cohort of MS patients. Participants\u2019 demographics, physical activity, smoking, and dietary information were collected, alongside clinical parameters including the Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS), Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS), MS phenotype, and current therapy. A validated 110-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess participants\u2019 habits. The (poly)phenol content of foods was estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database. Data from 106 participants were analyzed. A high intake of vegetables was associated with a 4.6-fold higher probability of mild MS (95% CI: 1.49, 14.28), whereas no association was found for other food and beverage sources. Hydroxycinnamic acids were significantly related to MSSS (OR: 6.55, 95% CI: 2.15, 19.92). Although coffee intake differed significantly between patients with mild and severe MS (90.5 \u00b1 53.9 vs. 59.4 \u00b1 40.8 mL\/d, respectively), linear regression analysis did not confirm an association with MSSS. A higher intake of hydroxycinnamic acids and vegetables may impact MS severity. Coffee\u2019s role remains unclear and needs to be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T04:47:31Z","timestamp":1738817251000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["(Poly)phenols and Multiple Sclerosis: Results from an Observational Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6327-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Guglielmetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensics Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Food Education and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensics Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensics Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Food Education and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensics Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7647-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tagliabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensics Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Food Education and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensics Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn","family":"Frias-Toral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Av. Pdte. Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2580-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Tavazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"La Malfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8097-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1397-511X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Bergamaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4865-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raynier","family":"Zambrano-Villacres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 0901952, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5809-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Godos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition and Mediterranean Foods (NUTREA), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-5285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition and Mediterranean Foods (NUTREA), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo10208k","article-title":"Bioavailability of wine-derived phenolic compounds in humans: A review","volume":"3","author":"Stockley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertelli, A., Biagi, M., Corsini, M., Baini, G., Cappellucci, G., and Miraldi, E. 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