{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:59:33Z","timestamp":1781348373389,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DGPA PAPIIT UNAM","award":["IN200524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN200524"]}]},{"name":"DGPA PAPIIT UNAM","award":["CF-2023-G-370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-G-370"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT Ciencia de Frontera","award":["IN200524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN200524"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT Ciencia de Frontera","award":["CF-2023-G-370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-G-370"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pleopeltis crassinervata has demonstrated antimicrobial effects, including anti-Toxoplasma activity, which has been attributed to the presence of compounds such as terpenes and fatty acid methyl esters. In this study, the effects of P. crassinervata hexane subfraction one (Hsf1) on the Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite ultrastructure were evaluated using TEM and SEM, and lytic cycle processes such as adhesion, invasion, and proliferation were evaluated using phase-contrast microscopy. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the subfraction and its main compounds (phytol and hexadecenoic acid methyl ester) were determined as well as their effects on parasite viability. Hsf1 exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the lytic process at a concentration of 47.2 \u00b5g\/mL. Among the eighteen compounds identified in this subfraction, six were evaluated, of which two (phytol and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester) significantly reduced the viability of T. gondii to 0.11% and 16.6%, respectively, at a concentration of 100 \u00b5g\/mL. Additionally, Hsf1 demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 30% as assessed using the ORAC method. The two active compounds also exhibited antioxidant properties, with antioxidant capacities of 13.33% and 33% for hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and phytol, respectively, at concentrations up to 15.4 mg\/mL. Hsf1 showed membrane damage and conoid extrusion in T. gondii tachyzoites, suggesting direct interference with the lytic cycle of the parasite. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of Hsf1 as a promising tool for controlling infections caused by T. gondii, thereby providing an alternative in the search for new antiparasitic agents. However, further research is required to determine the in vivo pharmacological effects and properties of these compounds with potential anti-Toxoplasma activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T08:46:46Z","timestamp":1741942006000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anti-Toxoplasma and Antioxidant Activity of a Terpene and Methyl-Ester-Rich Subfraction from Pleopeltis crassinervata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6538-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhony","family":"Anacleto-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1913-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1093-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perla Yolanda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Col. Santa Fe, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 05348, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Rivera-Vivanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Producci\u00f3n y de la Salud Animal FMVZ UNAM, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2225-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa de Jes\u00fas","family":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Casarrubias-Tabares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Castel\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirenia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pozos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Microscop\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, LaNSE, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Calzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Farmacolog\u00eda, Unidad M\u00e9dica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Col. 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