{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:08:38Z","timestamp":1791227318991,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macleania rupestris, a fruit-bearing species of the Ericaceae family, has traditionally been used for its potential medicinal properties. Background\/Objectives: This study investigates the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of M. rupestris fruit extract, focusing on its antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal effects. Methods: M. rupestris (Kunth) A.C.Sm. berries (code: 4456, Herbario QUPS-Ecuador) were collected from the cloud forest Montano Alto, Cuenca-Ecuador, and the extract was obtained using an ethanolic-based extraction and chemically characterized. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the fruit extract was assessed against seven multidrug-resistant bacteria strains and four fungal strains using the microdilution method. The biofilm inhibition potential was evaluated using a microplate assay with the crystal violet staining method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays. Results: The bioactive compounds showed 853.9 mg phenols\/100 g DW, 573.2 mg organic acid\/100 g DW, and 21.5 mg C-3-gl\/100 g DW of anthocyanins. The antibacterial assays demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 5 mg\/mL. Additionally, the biofilm inhibition assays confirmed the potential of M. rupestris extract to disrupt bacterial biofilms, particularly in S. aureus and L. monocytogenes. Nevertheless, no significant antifungal activity was observed against Candida spp., suggesting selective antimicrobial properties. Finally, the antioxidant activity was strong (1.62 mmol TE\/100 g DW by DPPH and 3.28 mmol TE\/100 g DW by ABTS). Conclusions: These findings indicate that M. rupestris possesses promising antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant properties, which may be attributed to its phenolic and organic acid composition. Further fractionation and targeted bioassays are required to elucidate the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these effects and explore their potential applications in antimicrobial formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:36:48Z","timestamp":1743136608000},"page":"394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phytochemical Composition and Biological Properties of Macleania rupestris Fruit Extract: Insights into Its Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Mayorga-Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johana","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Coyago-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda de los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7620-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Heredia-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2080-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Guam\u00e1n-Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Hospitalidad, Carrera de Gastronom\u00eda, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010201, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3756-2387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda P.","family":"Guam\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.26807\/remcb.v42i2.911","article-title":"The plant family ericaceae (\u201cblueberries\u201d) in ecuador: Ecology, diversity, economic importance, and conservation","volume":"42","author":"Luteyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"REMCB"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, J.M., Lucero Mosquera, H., and Armijos, C. 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