{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:23:49Z","timestamp":1792531429893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFD1801104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1801104"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["HBCT2024110202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024110202"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["21326602D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21326602D"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["HBCT2024270404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024270404"]}]},{"name":"Chinese medicinal materials industry technology system funding project of Hebei Province","award":["2022YFD1801104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1801104"]}]},{"name":"Chinese medicinal materials industry technology system funding project of Hebei Province","award":["HBCT2024110202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024110202"]}]},{"name":"Chinese medicinal materials industry technology system funding project of Hebei Province","award":["21326602D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21326602D"]}]},{"name":"Chinese medicinal materials industry technology system funding project of Hebei Province","award":["HBCT2024270404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024270404"]}]},{"name":"Key Research grants of Hebei","award":["2022YFD1801104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1801104"]}]},{"name":"Key Research grants of Hebei","award":["HBCT2024110202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024110202"]}]},{"name":"Key Research grants of Hebei","award":["21326602D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21326602D"]}]},{"name":"Key Research grants of Hebei","award":["HBCT2024270404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024270404"]}]},{"name":"Hebei provincial modern agricultural industry technology system Hengshui-Cangzhou integrated experimental extension station","award":["2022YFD1801104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1801104"]}]},{"name":"Hebei provincial modern agricultural industry technology system Hengshui-Cangzhou integrated experimental extension station","award":["HBCT2024110202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024110202"]}]},{"name":"Hebei provincial modern agricultural industry technology system Hengshui-Cangzhou integrated experimental extension station","award":["21326602D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21326602D"]}]},{"name":"Hebei provincial modern agricultural industry technology system Hengshui-Cangzhou integrated experimental extension station","award":["HBCT2024270404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024270404"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs), plant-derived polysaccharides widely used in the pharmaceutical field, exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, research on their application in chicks remains limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the protective mechanism of PSP against liver injury in chicks using an LPS-induced inflammatory model. A total of 200 one-day-old Hy-Line Brown laying chicks were randomly assigned to five groups (40 chicks each): a control group (CON) fed a basal diet, an LPS group, and three PSP groups receiving low (250 mg\/L), medium (500 mg\/L), and high (1000 mg\/L) doses of PSP (PSP250_LPS, PSP500_LPS, and PSP1000_LPS, respectively). The experiment lasted 21 days. During this period, the LPS and PSP groups were intraperitoneally injected with 1500 \u03bcg\/kg LPS on days 14, 16, 18, and 20, while the CON group received normal saline. On day 21, organs were collected for analysis. The results indicated that PSP treatment significantly reduced the liver and kidney indices that were elevated by LPS (p &lt; 0.05) without affecting the indices of the spleen, thymus, or bursa of Fabricius (p &gt; 0.05). Histological analysis revealed that PSP alleviated LPS-induced ballooning degeneration and cell swelling in hepatocytes. Furthermore, PSP treatment decreased the levels of ALT and AST and significantly mitigated increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 while enhancing the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p &lt; 0.05). Transcriptome sequencing of liver samples revealed that LPS significantly altered the expression of 10 genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, which were regulated by PSP intervention. qPCR validation supported these findings. Furthermore, biochemical analyses of liver tissue showed that PSP alleviated oxidative stress by affecting levels of SOD, MDA, NADPH, ROS, and H2O2. In conclusion, PSP may alleviate LPS-induced liver injury in chicks by modulating the PPAR signaling pathway. These findings provide valuable insights for promoting healthy chick rearing and ensuring the safe supply of poultry products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T08:48:00Z","timestamp":1743410880000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides Alleviate LPS-Induced Liver Injury in Chicks by Suppressing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Through the PPAR Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Animal Husbandry Station, Shijiazhuang 050011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Animal Husbandry Station, Shijiazhuang 050011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhili","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Animal Husbandry Station, Shijiazhuang 050011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, B., Tang, D., Yan, S., Fan, H., Li, G., Shahid, M.S., Mahmood, T., and Guo, Y. (2021). Effects of age on immune function in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00559-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar1886","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide is transported to the cell surface by a membrane-to-membrane protein bridge","volume":"359","author":"Sherman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05729-w","article-title":"Acute colchicine poisoning causes endotoxemia via the destruction of intestinal barrier function: The curative effect of endotoxin prevention in a murine model","volume":"65","author":"Horioka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di, S., Wang, Z., Hu, W., Yan, X., Ma, Z., Li, X., Li, W., and Gao, J. (2020). The protective effects of melatonin against LPS-induced septic myocardial injury: A potential role of AMPK-mediated autophagy. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00162"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.02.011","article-title":"Obeticholic acid differentially regulates hepatic injury and inflammation at different stages of D-galactosamine\/lipopolysaccharide-evoked acute liver failure","volume":"850","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2019.1569044","article-title":"The antagonistic effect of tamoxifen against d-galactosamine\/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure is associated with reactivation of hepatic nuclear factor-\u03baB","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103415","article-title":"The function of carnosic acid in lipopolysaccharides-induced hepatic and intestinal inflammation in poultry","volume":"103","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12252","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide precipitates hepatic encephalopathy and increases blood\u2013brain barrier permeability in mice with acute liver failure","volume":"34","author":"Chastre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-005-7924-2","article-title":"Chronic systemic endotoxin exposure: An animal model in experimental hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"20","author":"Lindros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02619.x","article-title":"Effect of endotoxin pretreatment on hepatic stellate cell response to ethanol and acetaldehyde","volume":"16","author":"Quiroz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.12.025","article-title":"Protective effect of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in chickens","volume":"135","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Qi, L., Zhang, G., Liu, H., Gu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., and Wu, H. (2022). Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides attenuate lipopoly-saccharide-induced septic liver injury by suppression of pyroptosis via NLRP3\/GSDMD signals. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185999"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103675","article-title":"The impact of dietary supplementation of polysaccharide derived from Polygonatum sibiricum on growth, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota in broiler chickens","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W., Wei, S., Peng, W., Sun, T., Huang, J., Yu, R., Zhang, B., and Li, W. (2021). Antioxidant effect of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides in D-Galactose-Induced heart aging mice. BioMed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6688855"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2006). National Agricultural Industry Standard of the People\u2019s Republic of China\u2014Nutrient Requirements of Chickens (NY\/T 33-2004). Hunan Feed, 4, 19\u201327. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102480","article-title":"Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in goslings via the p53 and FOXO pathways","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huynh, D.T.N., Baek, N., Sim, S., Myung, C.-S., and Heo, K.-S. (2020). Minor ginsenoside Rg2 and Rh1 attenuates LPS-Induced acute liver and kidney damages via downregulating activation of TLR4-STAT1 and inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186656"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Xu, J., Zhang, K., Zhong, M., Cao, H., Wei, R., Jin, L., and Gao, Y. (2021). Study on the protective effect and mechanism of Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss (Acanthaceae) polysaccharide on immune liver injury induced by LPS. Biomed. Pharmacother., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111159"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Sun, L., Wu, M., Yu, C., Zhao, D., Wang, L., Zhang, Z., Yi, D., Hou, Y., and Wu, T. (2024). Effect of supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG powder on intestinal and liver damage in broiler chickens challenged by lipopolysaccharide. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466274"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318266c6df","article-title":"Acquired liver injury in the intensive care unit","volume":"117","author":"Lescot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2017.1409","article-title":"Protective effect of hydrogen-rich water on liver function of colorectal cancer patients treated with mFOLFOX6 chemotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.07802","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular aging in hypertension","volume":"70","author":"Guzik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127105","article-title":"Fluoride impairs ovary development by affecting oogenesis and inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in female zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"256","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.06.018","article-title":"Beneficial effect of hesperidin on lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"226","author":"Kaur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114164","article-title":"Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide prevents depression-like behaviors by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular and synaptic damage","volume":"275","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.7355","article-title":"Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors","volume":"91","author":"Kliewer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/31701","article-title":"Activation of human aortic smooth-muscle cells is inhibited by PPARalpha but not by PPARgamma activators","volume":"393","author":"Staels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.104018","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of PPARs","volume":"53","author":"Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3309fje","article-title":"PPAR-gamma modulates allergic inflammation through up-regulation of PTEN","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.9.2094","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators target human endothelial cells to inhibit leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction","volume":"19","author":"Jackson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2016.1171341","article-title":"Pioglitazone inhibits growth of human retinoblastoma cells via regulation of NF-\u03baB inflammation signals","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.067","article-title":"Role of PPAR receptor in different diseases and their ligands: Physiological importance and clinical implications","volume":"166","author":"Mirza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.09.028","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 agonist pioglitazone regulates dendritic cells immunogenicity mediated by DC-SIGN via the MAPK and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00312-6","article-title":"Targeting NF-\u03baB pathway for the therapy of diseases: Mechanism and clinical study","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, Y., Luo, Y., Sun, Y., Jiang, J., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, M., and Gu, X. (2024). Leonurine exerts anti-Inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endometritis by modulating Mouse JAK-STAT\/PI3K-Akt\/PPAR signaling pathways. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3917336\/v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0548-1","article-title":"Apolipoprotein C3 induces inflammation and organ damage by alternative inflammasome activation","volume":"21","author":"Zewinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154740","article-title":"Apolipoprotein C3 aggravates diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes by activating the renal TLR2\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)66707-9","article-title":"Regulation of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase and the chromosomal localization of the human gene","volume":"261","author":"Mehrabian","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112729","article-title":"ADORA3 activation promotes goblet cell differentiation via enhancing HMGCS2-mediated ketogenesis in ulcerative colitis","volume":"140","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamerson, L.E., and Bradshaw, P.C. (2024). The roles of white adipose tissue and liver NADPH in dietary restriction-induced longevity. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070820"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-1611","article-title":"Correction: ME1 regulates NADPH homeostasis to promote gastric cancer growth and metastasis","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michler, S., Sch\u00f6ffmann, F.A., Robaa, D., Volmer, J., and Hinderberger, D. (2024). Fatty acid binding to the human transport proteins FABP3, FABP4, and FABP5 from a Ligand\u2019s perspective. J. Biol. Chem., 300.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107396"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.122","article-title":"Metabolic functions of FABPs\u2014Mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.048","article-title":"Identification of a lipokine, a lipid hormone linking adipose tissue to systemic metabolism","volume":"134","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0017fje","article-title":"Absence of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein prevents the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice","volume":"15","author":"Perrella","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14134","article-title":"Ablation of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) exacerbates hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation in polyunsaturated fatty acid-depleted mice","volume":"595","author":"Hayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14006","article-title":"CD36: A class B scavenger receptor involved in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism","volume":"108","author":"Febbraio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-010-3524-y","article-title":"Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Gillingham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-005-1551-x","article-title":"Lyprinol (stabilised lipid extract of New Zealand green-lipped mussel): A potential preventative treatment modality for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"40","author":"Tenikoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1397","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.361","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 activation attenuates the inflammatory response to protect the liver from acute failure by promoting the autophagy pathway","volume":"5","author":"Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/4\/418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:06:37Z","timestamp":1760029597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/4\/418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14040418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14040418","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}}}