{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:06:19Z","timestamp":1784797579441,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC)","award":["IG 2020 N. 24381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG 2020 N. 24381"]}]},{"name":"Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC)","award":["POCARNO2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCARNO2022"]}]},{"name":"Tuscany Region (Call on Health Bando Ricerca Salute 2018)","award":["IG 2020 N. 24381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG 2020 N. 24381"]}]},{"name":"Tuscany Region (Call on Health Bando Ricerca Salute 2018)","award":["POCARNO2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCARNO2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer therapy by enabling targeted drug delivery and overcoming limitations associated with conventional chemotherapy. In this study, we explored the anticancer potential of gold\u2013iron oxide (Au-Fe3O4@PEG) nanourchins (NUs), a class of nanoparticles with unique shape, surface features, and plasmonic properties. We tested NUs on several cancer cell lines, including A375 (melanoma), MCF7 (breast), A549 (lung), and MIA PaCa-2 (pancreatic), and observed significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with A549 cells exhibiting the highest resistance. Our findings also demonstrate that NUs induce oxidative stress, disrupt mitochondrial function, and activate autophagic and paraptotic cell death pathways in A549 lung cancer cells. Additionally, we explored the potential of NUs to enhance the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy, specifically cisplatin, in A549. The results provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of NUs in the context of cancer treatment, particularly for overcoming drug resistance and enhancing the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T11:17:57Z","timestamp":1743506277000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeted Cancer Therapy with Gold\u2013Iron Oxide Nanourchins: Inducing Oxidative Stress, Paraptosis, and Sensitizing Tumor Cells to Cisplatin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ruzzolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Anceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Albino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds\u2014C.N.R., 50019 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u2018Ugo Schiff\u2019 & INSTM, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Balica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u2018Ugo Schiff\u2019 & INSTM, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9151-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Muzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds\u2014C.N.R., 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2655-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Sangregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds\u2014C.N.R., 50019 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u2018Ugo Schiff\u2019 & INSTM, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Frediani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Formica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Margheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2130-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Chill\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Fibbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8745-3808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Laurenzana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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