{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:56:36Z","timestamp":1790358996874,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Olam International"},{"name":"NSERC-RGPIN-2019-04885-DDK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coffee cascara is an underutilized byproduct of coffee processing that has the potential for value-added applications due to its rich phytochemical content and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to characterize the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of coffee cascara sourced from seven geographic regions, and where possible, a variety of farms in different regions. We compared two different extraction methods: hot water\/sonication-assisted extraction and methanol\u2013water extraction to generate phytochemical content. The antioxidant capacity of extracts was assessed through different assays. Correlations between phytochemical compounds and different antioxidant activities were analyzed first using Pearson\u2019s correlations and then substantiated further using principal component analysis (PCA). The dominant phytochemicals identified in the extracted coffee cascara included gallic acid, chlorogenic acid isomers, mangiferin, protocatechuic acid and rutin. Among the water-extracted samples, the Brazil sample exhibited the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value, whereas the Zambia sample had the highest 2,2\u2032-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) value and the Laos sample showed the greatest inhibition of 2\u2032,7\u2032-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence. For methanol extracts, the highest ORAC and ABTS values were from the Indonesia sample, and the Laos sample showed the strongest inhibition of DCFH-DA fluorescence. The results show the distinct phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of coffee cascara according to geographical clustering using PCA. Specifically, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and to a lesser extent rutin correlated (p &lt; 0.05) with ABTS and DCFH-DA assays. This study revealed significant variation in the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of coffee cascara across different geographic regions; less so with different farms associated with the location. The findings offer evidence for potential upscaling of coffee cascara waste for use in value-added functional food or nutraceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T20:24:52Z","timestamp":1745353492000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phenolic Acid Composition of Coffee Cascara in Connection with Antioxidant Capacity: A Geographic Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6624-9309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningjian","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6572-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David D.","family":"Kitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziying","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, McGill University, Qu\u00e9bec, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maidinai","family":"Sabier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.10.045","article-title":"Utilization of Coffee Pulp Waste for Rapid Recovery of Pectin and Polyphenols for Sustainable Material Recycle","volume":"120","author":"Manasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.03.011","article-title":"Impacts of Discarded Coffee Waste on Human and Environmental Health","volume":"141","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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