{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T08:07:18Z","timestamp":1786867638523,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","award":["881\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["881\/44"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to optimize the extraction of phytocompounds intended for wound care applications from three plant species, Sambucus nigra L. flowers and Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. aerial parts, by using a Quality by Design approach. The effects of different extraction methods (ultra-turrax and ultrasonic-assisted extraction), ethanol concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%), and extraction times (3, 5, 10 min) were studied, and during the optimization step, the polyphenol and flavonoid contents were maximized. The phytochemical profiles of the optimized HEs (herbal extracts) were assessed using LC-MS\/MS methods. The antioxidant capacity of the optimized HEs was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity) TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays, while the antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and MSSA\u2014methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA\u2014methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Cell viability and antioxidant and wound healing potential were assessed on keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed on fibroblasts by measuring levels of interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 and the production of nitric oxide from RAW 264.7 cells. The major compounds of the optimized HEs were rutin and chlorogenic acid. The Lythrum salicaria optimized HE showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the Sambucus nigra optimized HE demonstrated high cell viability. Lythrum salicaria and Epilobium hirsutum optimized HEs showed increased antioxidant capacities. All extracts displayed anti-inflammatory effects, and the Epilobium hirsutum optimized HE exhibited the best in vitro wound-healing effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T03:50:43Z","timestamp":1746071443000},"page":"521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Optimized Sambucus nigra L., Epilobium hirsutum L., and Lythrum salicaria L. Extracts: Biological Effects Supporting Their Potential in Wound Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Diana Antonia","family":"Safta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creang\u0103 St., 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5375-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 L. Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Cherfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCBS Team (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources Pour la Sant\u00e9), LIENSs Laboratory (Littoral Environment et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s), UMR CNRS 7266, University of la Rochelle, 17000 La Rochelle, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8974-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahela","family":"Carpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogalniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Iurian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lina","family":"Bogdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creang\u0103 St., 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department 2, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 L. Pasteur Street t, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0664-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurian","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1255-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela-Liliana","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creang\u0103 St., 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, H.T., Moon, J.Y., and Lee, Y.C. (2021). Natural Antioxidants from Plant Extracts in Skincare Cosmetics: Recent Applications, Challenges and Perspectives. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8040106"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, M. (2023). Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015444"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safta, D.A., Bogdan, C., and Moldovan, M.L. (2022). Vesicular Nanocarriers for Phytocompounds in Wound Care: Preparation and Characterization. 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