{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:35:33Z","timestamp":1785936933261,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2023-05099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-05099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron overload contributes to proliferative vascular diseases, yet its interplay with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation remains poorly understood. This study elucidates H2S\u2019s role in mitigating iron-overload-induced oxidative stress and cellular damage. Using aortic VSMCs from wildtype (WT) and cystathionine \u03b3-lyase-knockout (CSE-KO) mice treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) at concentrations equivalent to serum levels of iron and citrate, we demonstrate that FAC triggers the integrated stress response (ISR) in WT cells, upregulating CSE to enhance H2S production. The ISR mediator ATF4 activates caspases but simultaneously induces CSE, which inhibits caspase activity and promotes autophagy via AMPK signaling. In CSE-KO cells, iron overload leads to diminished Ferritin upregulation, unchecked Caspase activation, and impaired autophagy compared to WT cells. Exogenous H2S restored iron homeostasis by enhancing Ferritin expression, activating NRF2 antioxidant pathways, and restoring apoptosis\u2013autophagy equilibrium in both WT and KO cells. These findings establish H2S as a critical regulator of iron-induced VSMC dysfunction, highlighting its therapeutic potential in managing vascular pathologies linked to iron dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T06:47:15Z","timestamp":1746686835000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Metabolism, Iron Overload, and Apoptosis\u2013Autophagy Equilibrium in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hassan Mustafa","family":"Arif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3825-3620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4271","article-title":"Mammalian Iron Homeostasis in Health and Disease: Uptake, Storage, Transport, and Molecular Mechanisms of Action","volume":"18","author":"Lawen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. 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