{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:48:47Z","timestamp":1793677727245,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of particles with different adverse effects on health, especially on the cardiovascular (CV) risk and disease (e.g., increased risk of total and CV mortality, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, hypertension, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes). Since oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are the main key mechanisms by which PM exerted its biological effects on health, several oxidative and inflammatory-related biomarkers have been measured and associated with PM; abnormalities in these parameters in relation to PM highlight the key role of this relationship in terms of adverse health effects, including CV conditions. Antioxidant strategies might prevent\/reverse, almost partly, CV effects related to PM exposure, by addressing OS and inflammation, although the clinical gain of these interventional tools is not yet clearly demonstrated. This review aims to summarize PM source and composition, discussing OS and inflammatory events associated with environmental PM exposure as key mechanistic determinants of CV risk and acute event precipitation. Moreover, the modifying potential of antioxidants, especially in subjects more susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution and\/or more highly exposed, will be discussed as a promising research area beyond conventional strategies actually available to prevent the harmful effects of PM (e.g., reduction of pollution sources and population exposure, assessment of air quality standards) in order to better face this dark triad composed of PM, OS and CV disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T12:18:06Z","timestamp":1747052286000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Dark Triad of Particulate Matter, Oxidative Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: What About the Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Grifoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Monitoring and Environmental Modelling for the Sustainable Development (LaMMA Consortium), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Bustaffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9283-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5062-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Calastrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Monitoring and Environmental Modelling for the Sustainable Development (LaMMA Consortium), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0007-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Minichilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melania","family":"Gaggini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G Monasterio, Ospedale del Cuore \u201cGaetano Pasquinucci\u201d, Via Aurelia Sud, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Vassalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G Monasterio, Via G. 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