{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:06:10Z","timestamp":1781712370421,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and the Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are prevalent endocrine disorders with overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly associated with PCOS, with both conditions strongly linked to insulin resistance (IR), while recent studies have also reported an increased prevalence of PCOS among women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study evaluated the potential of Lythrum salicaria L. ethanol extract (LSEE) to mitigate oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and metabolic and hormonal imbalances in separate experimental models of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM and Letrozole (LET)-induced PCOS. LSEE underwent phytochemical analysis to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid content and HPLC-MS for polyphenols identification. In vitro, antioxidant capacity was investigated through FRAP, DPPH, NO, and H2O2 scavenging assays. Subsequently, in vivo, studies utilized STZ-induced DM and LET-induced PCOS rat models, with 10-day treatments of LSEE, metformin, or trolox (TX) administered by gavage. Dysregulation of hormonal profiles, ultrasound, and histological examinations confirmed PCOS development. At the end of the treatment period, serum samples were collected to assess OS markers (TOS, OSI, MDA, AOPP, 8-OHdG, NO, 3-NT, AGEs, TAR, SH) in both models. Inflammatory markers were also measured (IL-1\u03b2, NF-\u03baB, IL-18, and Gasdermin D in DM and IL-1\u03b2, NF-\u03baB, IL-18, and IL-10 in PCOS). Additionally, metabolic markers (glucose, lipids, TG-glucose index, liver enzymes) were assessed in DM rats, and hormones (LH, FSH, estrogen, testosterone, insulin, HOMA-IR) were determined in PCOS rats. LSEE demonstrated a high polyphenolic content and notable in vitro antioxidant activity. In vivo, it effectively reduced OS by lowering oxidant levels and enhancing antioxidant defenses, reduced inflammatory markers and blood glucose levels, and improved lipid profiles along with the TyG index and liver injury markers in diabetic rats. In PCOS rats, LSEE lowered the total oxidants, increased antioxidants, reduced LH, FSH, testosterone, and insulin, and increased estrogen levels. The effects exhibited a dose-dependent pattern, with higher doses producing more pronounced benefits comparable to those observed with metformin and TX. In conclusion, LSEE may be a promising complementary treatment for DM and PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T12:18:06Z","timestamp":1747052286000},"page":"573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Lythrum salicaria L. Ethanol Extract in Experimental Rat Models of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus and Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lia Oxana","family":"Usatiuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department 2\u2014Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5892-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology and Geology, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department 2\u2014Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Uif\u0103lean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department 2\u2014Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"V\u0103lean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8313-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Surd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Department of Mother and Child, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"\u021aicolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department 2\u2014Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"H\u00eeru\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floricu\u021ba","family":"Ranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florinela Adriana","family":"C\u0103toi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department 2\u2014Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6041-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"C\u0103tan\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9052-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina Elena","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department 2\u2014Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.05.017","article-title":"Lythrum salicaria L.-Underestimated medicinal plant from European traditional medicine. 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