{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:17:55Z","timestamp":1773019075495,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania","award":["PCD 881\/3\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCD 881\/3\/12"]}]},{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania","award":["PCD 772\/1\/11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCD 772\/1\/11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal degenerative processes such as age-related macular degeneration are at the center of many ongoing research studies, as their impact on the general population is significant, with severe visual impairment and even irreversible vision loss if left untreated. Currently, there are few efficient treatments available to stop or limit its progression. In the present paper, a molecular hybridization approach was employed to develop novel compounds that address this issue. By adding either 2-butenal or a \u03b2-ionone-derived residue to the hydrazone-catechol-thiazole scaffold, two compounds were designed and synthesized: 5a and 5b. After being characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and proving potent antioxidant activity in the in vitro assays, the cytotoxicity evaluation using the ARPE-19, BJ, and A549 cell lines revealed a surprisingly low-dose effect of 5a and the unexpected cytotoxic activity of 5b, despite its \u03b2-ionone moiety, known for its significant therapeutic properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:28:42Z","timestamp":1748435322000},"page":"646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of New Catechol Hydrazinyl-Thiazole Derivatives as Potential Protectors in Retinal Degenerative Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8739-3155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan-Geo","family":"Antemie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Marc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6807-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"Pele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ionel","family":"Fize\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7144-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionu\u021b-Valentin","family":"Cre\u0219tin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Borlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Theodosis-Nobelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni A.","family":"Rekka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Oniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Cri\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2313-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"P\u00eern\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0664-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurian","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d 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