{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:06:58Z","timestamp":1791068818499,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FIC-Coquimbo 2021 Project","award":["40041020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40041020-0"]}]},{"name":"FIC-Coquimbo 2021 Project","award":["3220661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3220661"]}]},{"name":"ANID-Fondecyt Postdoctorado Project","award":["40041020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40041020-0"]}]},{"name":"ANID-Fondecyt Postdoctorado Project","award":["3220661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3220661"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis is a honeybee product with significant biological properties, strongly influenced by geographic and floral origin as well as extraction method. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an emerging alternative for propolis preparation. This study aimed to determine the optimal UAE conditions for total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in Chilean propolis and compare its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities with a conventional method. UAE was performed with varying ethanol concentrations (50\u201390%), temperatures (20\u201360 \u00b0C), and extraction times (10\u201350 min), keeping the solid\/liquid ratio constant at 1:10 (w\/v). The optimal ethanolic UAE extract (OE) was compared to the conventional ethanolic extract (CE) for antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays). Optimal UAE conditions were 80% ethanol, 30 \u00b0C, and 30 min. The OE showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) TPC (22.4 \u00b1 0.3 mg GAE\/mL), TFC (15.7 \u00b1 0.7 mg QE\/mL), antioxidant capacity (ABTS: 35.7 \u00b1 0.9; DPPH: 62.9 \u00b1 0.3; FRAP: 49.7 \u00b1 2.1 \u00b5mol TE\/mL), and antimicrobial activity in the evaluated Gram-positive bacteria (&gt;15 mm inhibition halo, MBC = 3.1 mg\/mL) compared to the CE. The bioaccessibility analysis revealed that the OE maintained 20.1% of its polyphenol content and 69.5%, 60.5%, and 61.9% of DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively, after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The established optimal UAE conditions generated extracts with increased polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, and bioaccessibility, indicating its potential as an extraction method for propolis with enhanced bioactivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:28:42Z","timestamp":1748435322000},"page":"651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean Propolis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Mej\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5840-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Giovagnoli-Vicu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea I.","family":"Moreno-Switt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1867-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ady","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.17268\/agroind.science.2016.02.09","article-title":"Aplicaci\u00f3n del prop\u00f3leo en envasado activo","volume":"6","author":"Rebaza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agroindustrial Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulhendri, F., Chandrasekaran, K., Kowacz, M., Ravalia, M., Kripal, K., Fearnley, J., and Perera, C.O. 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