{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:14:04Z","timestamp":1790529244336,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["HRZZ-IP-2020-02-6899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-IP-2020-02-6899"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["DOK-2021-02-3094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2021-02-3094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive alien plant species, while ecologically and economically problematic, represent an underutilized source of bioactive phytochemicals with promising phytopharmaceutical applications. This study investigates the LC-DAD-MS phenolic profiles of 70% ethanol and 80% methanol leaf and flower extracts of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Helianthus tuberosus L., collected in the Istria region of Croatia, alongside their antioxidant capacities using ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. Both species exhibited high levels of flavonoids and phenolic acids, with consistently higher concentrations in leaf versus flower tissues and in ethanolic versus methanolic extracts. Strong correlations (r &gt; 0.9) between total phenolics and antioxidant activity confirmed the functional significance of these compounds. With a targeted metabolomics approach, in A. altissima, 51 phenolics were identified in leaves and 47 in flowers, with ellagitannins predominating; vescalagin isomers reached 94 mg\/g DW in leaves and 82 mg\/g DW in flowers. H. tuberosus extracts contained 34 phenolics in leaves and 33 in flowers, with hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols dominating; 5-caffeoylquinic acid was the principal compound (25 mg\/g DW in leaves, 2 mg\/g DW in flowers). The identified phytochemicals are known for their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and metabolic-regulating properties. Additionally, four leaf-specific compounds were identified in each species, indicating potential for targeted extraction. These findings advance the phytochemical characterization of invasive taxa and highlight their potential as sources of natural antioxidants for functional food and pharmaceutical development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T06:21:51Z","timestamp":1748931711000},"page":"677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Invasive Plants Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Helianthus tuberosus L. in Istria Region, Croatia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mirela Uzelac","family":"Bo\u017eac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6177-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danijela","family":"Poljuha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slavica","family":"Duda\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Department, University of Applied Sciences of Rijeka, Karla Huguesa 6, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josipa","family":"Bili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"METRIS Research Centre, Istrian University of Applied Sciences, Zagreba\u010dka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"\u0160ola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7712-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Mikuli\u010d-Petkov\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0967-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Sladonja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uzelac, M., Sladonja, B., \u0160ola, I., Duda\u0161, S., Bili\u0107, J., Famuyide, I.M., McGaw, L.J., Eloff, J.N., Mikulic-Petkovsek, M., and Poljuha, D. (2023). Invasive Alien Species as a Potential Source of Phytopharmaceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Leaf and Flower Extracts. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12142715"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purmalis, O., Klavins, L., Niedrite, E., Mezulis, M., and Klavins, M. (2025). Invasive Plants as a Source of Polyphenols with High Radical Scavenging Activity. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14030467"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-010-0762-7","article-title":"Comparison Of Phenolic Compounds And The Effects of Invasive and Native Species in East Asia: Support for The Novel Weapons Hypothesis","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato-Noguchi, H., and Kato, M. (2022). Allelopathy and Allelochemicals of Solidago canadensis L. and S. altissima L. for Their Naturalization. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233235"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jose, S., Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R., and Kohli, R.K. (2013). Novel Weapon Hypothesis for the Successful Establishment of Invasive Plants in Alien Environments. Invasive Plant Ecology, Taylor and Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b13865"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.106020","article-title":"Invasive Alien Plant Species: Their Impact on Environment, Ecosystem Services and Human Health","volume":"111","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demeter, A., Sal\u00e1ta, D., Torm\u00e1n\u00e9 Kov\u00e1cs, E., Szirmai, O., Trenyik, P., Meinhardt, S., Rusvai, K., Verb\u00e9nyin\u00e9 Neumann, K., Schermann, B., and Szegleti, Z. (2021). Effects of the Invasive Tree Species Ailanthus altissima on the Floral Diversity and Soil Properties in the Pannonian Region. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10111155"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-015-0546-5","article-title":"Review on Invasive Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) Conflicting Values: Assessment of Its Ecosystem Services and Potential Biological Threat","volume":"56","author":"Sladonja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"361","article-title":"Ailanthus: Variation, Cultivation, and Frustration","volume":"11","author":"Feret","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Arboric."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2007.03.002","article-title":"Biological Flora of Central Europe: Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) Swingle","volume":"8","author":"Kowarik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2019\/1262 (2024, October 17). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019\/1262 of 25 July 2019 Amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016\/1141 to Update the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?qid=1565100914543&uri=CELEX:32019R1262."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2024, October 17). Strane Invazivne Vrste. Available online: https:\/\/invazivnevrste.haop.hr\/karta."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12697.x","article-title":"Identification of an Allelopathic Compound from Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) and Characterization of Its Herbicidal Activity","volume":"83","author":"Heisey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.07.057","article-title":"Allelopathic Effects of Ailanthus altissima Extracts on Microcystis aeruginosa Growth, Physiological Changes and Microcystins Release","volume":"141","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.19045\/bspab.2020.90036","article-title":"Allelopathic Effect of Ailanthus altissima on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"9","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1934578X1701201021","article-title":"Phenolic Composition of Leaf Extracts of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) with Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity Equivalent to Standard Antibiotics","volume":"12","author":"Poljuha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"13887","article-title":"The Phenols Content and Phytotoxic Capacity of Various Invasive Plants","volume":"23","author":"Dinu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012087","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1031\/1\/012087","article-title":"Volatile Compounds in Flowers, Samaras, Leaves and Stem Bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Growing in Bulgaria","volume":"1031","author":"Andonova","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/jrptps.JRPTPS_7_21","article-title":"Evaluation of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Leaves","volume":"10","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rep. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poljuha, D., Sladonja, B., \u0160ola, I., \u0160enica, M., Uzelac, M., Veberi\u010d, R., Hudina, M., Famuyide, I.M., Eloff, J.N., and Mikulic-Petkovsek, M. (2022). LC\u2013DAD\u2013MS Phenolic Characterisation of Six Invasive Plant Species in Croatia and Determination of Their Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11050596"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andonova, T., Muhovski, Y., Slavov, I., Vrancheva, R., Georgiev, V., Apostolova, E., Naimov, S., Mladenov, R., Pavlov, A., and Dimitrova-Dyulgerova, I. (2023). Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant and DNA-Protective Capacity, and Microscopic Characters of Ailanthus altissima Aerial Substances. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040920"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Popay, I. (2022). Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke), CABI Compendium."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liava, V., Karkanis, A., Danalatos, N., and Tsiropoulos, N. (2021). Cultivation Practices, Adaptability and Phytochemical Composition of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): A Weed with Economic Value. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11050914"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2014.12.004","article-title":"The Prospects of Jerusalem Artichoke in Functional Food Ingredients and Bioenergy Production","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Showkat, M.M., Falck-Ytter, A.B., and Str\u00e6tkvern, K.O. (2019). Phenolic Acids in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): Plant Organ Dependent Antioxidant Activity and Optimized Extraction from Leaves. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183296"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Jin, Z., Schwarz, P., and Li, Y. (2020). Impact of Genotype, Environment, and Malting Conditions on the Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content in US Malting Barley. Fermentation, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation6020048"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ochoa, M.L., Vera-Guzm\u00e1n, A.M., Mondrag\u00f3n-Chaparro, D.M., Sandoval-Torres, S., Carrillo-Rodr\u00edguez, J.C., and Ch\u00e1vez-Servia, J.L. (2022). Effects of Growth Conditions on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity in the Medicinal Plant Ageratina petiolaris (Asteraceae). Diversity, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/d14080595"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griskeviciene, U., Dambrauskiene, J., Marksa, M., Mazeliene, Z., Vainoriene, R., and Ivanauskas, L. (2024). Effect of the Phenological Stage on the Phenolic Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Extracts. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14091191"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coc\u00eerlea, M.D., Soare, A., Petrovici, A.R., Silion, M., C\u0103lin, T., and Oancea, S. (2024). Phenolic Composition and Bioactivities of Invasive Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Leaf Extracts Obtained by Two-Step Sequential Extraction. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070824"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Bili\u0107, J., Svorcina, M., and Poljuha, D. (2018, January 3\u20135). Antioxidant Capacity of Fruit Species Characteristic for Gardens in Istria (Croatia). Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Food Technologists, Biotechnologists and Nutritionists, Zagreb, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.12081","article-title":"Changes in Phenolic Content Induced by Infection with Didymella Applanata and Leptosphaeria Coniothyrium, the Causal Agents of Raspberry Spur and Cane Blight","volume":"63","author":"Schmitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2050-0416.1981.tb04017.x","article-title":"Methods for Analysis of Musts and Wines","volume":"87","author":"Amerine","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.09.038","article-title":"Nutritional and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Edible Wild Greens in Iberian Peninsula Traditional Diet","volume":"125","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-015-2486-y","article-title":"Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, Energy Content and Gastrointestinal Stability of Croatian Wild Edible Plants","volume":"241","author":"Poljuha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15030","article-title":"The Impact of Food Processing on the Phenolic Content in Products Made from Juneberry (Amelanchier lamarckii) Fruits","volume":"85","author":"Koron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"C941","article-title":"Wild Prunus Fruit Species as a Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"81","author":"Stampar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1021\/jf050046h","article-title":"Discriminating between the Six Isomers of Dicaffeoylquinic Acid by LC-MSn","volume":"53","author":"Clifford","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2105","article-title":"Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle: A Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Activity","volume":"7","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.22271\/phyto.2019.v8.i1e.10787","article-title":"Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Studies of Helianthus tuberosus L.","volume":"8","author":"Sreekanth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"a0000165","article-title":"Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities from Different Extraction Techniques of Helianthus tuberosus","volume":"9","author":"Alyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Aust. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568043","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/568043","article-title":"Analysis of Phenolic Acids of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Responding to Salt-Stress by Liquid Chromatography\/Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"2014","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.11.001","article-title":"Effect of Extraction Solvent on Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Limnophila aromatica","volume":"22","author":"Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.09.071","article-title":"Free Radical Scavenging Activities and Bioactive Substances of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Leaves","volume":"133","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2025, May 23). Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) \u00a7184.1293\u2014Ethyl Alcohol, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-B\/part-184\/subpart-B\/section-184.1293."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"405","article-title":"Exploring the Medicinal Potential of Invasive Plants: Impact on Cellular and Extracellular Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity","volume":"13","author":"Poljuha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Polytech. Rijeka"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasz\u00e1s, L., Alshaal, T., El-Ramady, H., Kov\u00e1cs, Z., Koroknai, J., Elhawat, N., Nagy, \u00c9., Czi\u00e1ky, Z., F\u00e1ri, M., and Domokos-Szabolcsy, \u00c9. (2020). Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Leaf Protein Concentrate of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.). Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9070889"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(91)85250-4","article-title":"Insoluble Ellagitannins in Castanea sativa and Quercus petraea Woods","volume":"30","author":"Peng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.077537","article-title":"The Polyphenolic Ellagitannin Vescalagin Acts as a Preferential Catalytic Inhibitor of the \u03b1 Isoform of Human DNA Topoisomerase II","volume":"82","author":"Auzanneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.08.037","article-title":"Hypotriglyceridemic and Hypoglycemic Effects of Vescalagin from Pink Wax Apple [Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill and Perry Cv. Pink] in High-Fructose Diet-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"136","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01698","article-title":"Vescalagin and Castalagin Present Bactericidal Activity Toward Methicillin-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)01030-X","article-title":"Separation and Determination of Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds in Cranberry Juice by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"913","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Lee, J., Lee, H., and Sung, J. (2019). Relative Protective Activities of Quercetin, Quercetin-3-Glucoside, and Rutin in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13002"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.10.021","article-title":"Biological Functions of Epicatechin: Plant Cell to Human Cell Health","volume":"52","author":"Prakash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1723057","article-title":"Advances in Physiological Functions and Mechanisms of (\u2212)-Epicatechin","volume":"61","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3166\/sda.26.394-408","article-title":"S\u00e9paration et Identification Des Compos\u00e9s Ph\u00e9noliques Du Topinambour (Helianthus tuberosus L.)","volume":"26","author":"Fleischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Aliments"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"601","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds from Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Tubers","volume":"11","author":"Kapusta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Yahia, E.M. (2019). Production of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) and Impact on Inulin and Phenolic Compounds. Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2019.103244","article-title":"Study of New Sources of Six Chlorogenic Acids and Caffeic Acid","volume":"82","author":"Meinhart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Xie, M., He, L., Song, X., and Cao, T. (2023). Chlorogenic Acid: A Review on Its Mechanisms of Anti-Inflammation, Disease Treatment, and Related Delivery Systems. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1218015"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"10","article-title":"Research Progress on the Structural and Functional Comparison, Structural Modification of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Isomers and Application in Animals","volume":"59","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.7732\/kjpr.2015.28.3.305","article-title":"Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxicity on Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Tuber","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.03.060","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds from Organic Extracts of Helianthus tuberosus L. Flowers","volume":"119","author":"Jantaharn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91294-5.00004-X","article-title":"Bioactive Chemicals in Helianthus tuberosus L May Reduce Beta-Amyloid Cytotoxicity as a Potential Novel Treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"Volume 77","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7607","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02633","article-title":"Glucuronidated Flavonoids in Neurological Protection: Structural Analysis and Approaches for Chemical and Biological Synthesis","volume":"65","author":"Docampo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-212118","article-title":"Identification of Brain Targeted Bioactive Dietary Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide as a Novel Intervention for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(02)00317-2","article-title":"Methodological Considerations for Characterizing Potential Antioxidant Actions of Bioactive Components in Plant Foods","volume":"523","author":"Aruoma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"691","article-title":"Flavonoids as Antioxidants: Mechanisms and Structure-Activity Relationships","volume":"130","author":"Domingues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapera, R.F., Siwe-Noundou, X., Shai, L.J., and Mokhele, S. (2024). Exploring the Therapeutic Potential, Ethnomedicinal Values, and Phytochemistry of Helianthus tuberosus L.: A Review. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17121672"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"197","article-title":"Antifeeding and Insecticidal Activity of Ailanthus altissima and Morus alba Extracts against Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar [L.], Lepidoptera, Lymantridae) Larvae under Laboratory Conditions","volume":"23","author":"Gvozdenac","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Res. Soc."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/6\/677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:26Z","timestamp":1760031986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/6\/677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14060677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14060677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}}}