{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T21:00:22Z","timestamp":1788037222441,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), one of the most frequent malignant tumors of the digestive system, is marked by a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. There is a critical need for effective therapeutic strategies with minimal side effects. Isoquercitrin (IQ) is a natural compound with potent antioxidant properties in cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, its specific effects and mechanisms in ESCC remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of IQ in ESCC cells and elucidate the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects. Specifically, its impact on cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion was assessed using cell viability assay, morphology, transwell, and colony formation assays. The effects on apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry, while immunofluorescence (IF) staining and Western blotting were performed to confirm the underlying mechanisms. The in vivo anti-cancer effects of IQ were then evaluated using a xenograft tumor model. Our results demonstrate that IQ inhibits ESCC cell growth and colony formation while promoting its apoptosis by enhancing caspase activation and downregulating Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, IQ suppresses cell migration by modulating the epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition-related proteins. Additionally, IQ induces excessive autophagy by promoting reactive oxygen species accumulation and inhibiting the AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway. Importantly, IQ effectively reduces tumor growth in vivo, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for ESCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T08:22:34Z","timestamp":1749457354000},"page":"694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Isoquercitrin Suppresses Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) by Inducing Excessive Autophagy and Promoting Apoptosis via the AKT\/mTOR Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0444-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Prescription in Signaling, Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eungyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Cente at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeonjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang In","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6748-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangsik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Convergence Research Center of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyeongsangbukdo Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju 36052, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4425-5625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangdong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China\u2013US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zae Young","family":"Ryoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1216-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mee-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Medicine Research Center for Bi-Wi Control Based Gut-Brain System Regulation, College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myoung Ok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsang buk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: 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