{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:33:37Z","timestamp":1789050817237,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR-POC-2022-12376049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-POC-2022-12376049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, as well as epilepsy, affect millions of people. Due to their impact on patients\u2019 quality of life, they represent a major health issue. Natural compounds are arising as new treatments for these diseases. Particularly, glucosinolates (GLS) are secondary metabolites found in Cruciferae family plants. Their basic structure consists of a glucose unit linked to a thiohydroximate-O-sulfonate group and an aliphatic, aralkyl, or indolyl side chain, depending on their precursor amino acid. Specifically, aliphatic GLS derive from methionine, aromatic ones from phenylalanine, and indolic ones from tryptophan. Myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase) is the crucial enzyme for GLS degradation, leading to the production of isothiocyanates (ITCs). ITCs attracted considerable scientific interest for their protective effects against various diseases, thanks to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Here, we collected the latest evidence regarding ITC effects in neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, including preclinical and clinical studies published in the last decade. These studies evidenced ITCs\u2019 neuroprotective effects, exerted mainly through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, ITCs\u2019 integration, also through the diet, may represent a safe and efficacious strategy to improve health and limit the risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, new large-scale trials are needed to determine their therapeutic potential, particularly for diseases with no clinical evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:35:52Z","timestamp":1751517352000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Glucosinolate Metabolites and Brain Health: An Updated Review on Their Potential Benefits in Neurodegenerative, Neurodevelopmental, and Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Muscar\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7868-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Gugliandolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Mazzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5281-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Cal\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teleanu, D.M., Niculescu, A.G., Lungu, I.I., Radu, C.I., Vladacenco, O., Roza, E., Costachescu, B., Grumezescu, A.M., and Teleanu, R.I. (2022). An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115938"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD Mental Disorders Collaborators (2022). Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry, 9, 137\u2013150.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000262","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ASD and ADHD): DSM-5, ICD-10, and ICD-11","volume":"21","author":"Doernberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6640206","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6640206","article-title":"Potential Novel Therapies for Neurodevelopmental Diseases Targeting Oxidative Stress","volume":"2021","author":"Curpan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02145-7","article-title":"Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: From mechanisms to clinical advances","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9rillon, J.-M., and Ramawat, K.G. (2016). Glucosinolates: Novel Sources and Biological Potential. Glucosinolates, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26479-0"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.08.001","article-title":"An overview on neuroprotective effects of isothiocyanates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"106","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barba, F.J., Nikmaram, N., Roohinejad, S., Khelfa, A., Zhu, Z., and Koubaa, M. (2016). Bioavailability of Glucosinolates and Their Breakdown Products: Impact of Processing. Front. Nutr., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2016.00024"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00630","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.630","article-title":"Acute antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of sulforaphane in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes during inflammation and excitotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00316-2","article-title":"The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants","volume":"56","author":"Fahey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2012.02.005","article-title":"Glucosinolate structures in evolution","volume":"77","author":"Agerbirk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bird, K.A., Ramos, A.A., and Kliebenstein, D.J. (2025). Phylogenetic and genomic mechanisms shaping glucosinolate innovation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 85.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102705"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, G., Treccarichi, S., Arena, D., Ben Ammar, H., Maggioni, L., and Branca, F. (2025). Capturing the L. wild relatives diversity for improving nutraceutical traits of cole crops. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-025-02479-9"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.106209","article-title":"Compositional traits of hybrid populations of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (broccoli) and Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis (cauliflower) during four organic breeding cycles","volume":"131","author":"Bianchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700965","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700965","article-title":"Isothiocyanates: Translating the Power of Plants to People","volume":"62","author":"Palliyaguru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105228","article-title":"Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates","volume":"57","author":"Halkier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.07.035","article-title":"Differing mechanisms of simple nitrile formation on glucosinolate degradation in Lepidium sativum and Nasturtium officinale seeds","volume":"70","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Ochar, K., Iwar, K., Lee, Y.J., Kang, H.J., and Na, Y.W. (2024). Variations of Major Glucosinolates in Diverse Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) Germplasm as Analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS\/MS. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094829"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.12.006","article-title":"Glucosinolate metabolism and its control","volume":"11","author":"Grubb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1039\/b204039p","article-title":"A critical review of the bioavailability of glucosinolates and related compounds","volume":"21","author":"Holst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaafaru, M.S., Abd Karim, N.A., Enas, M.E., Rollin, P., Mazzon, E., and Abdull Razis, A.F. (2018). Protective Effect of Glucosinolates Hydrolytic Products in Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDDs). Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050580"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2018.0024","article-title":"Isothiocyanate from Broccoli, Sulforaphane, and Its Properties","volume":"22","author":"Vanduchova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2018.1442832","article-title":"Isothiocyanates: Cholinesterase inhibiting, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"33","author":"Burcul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.271288","article-title":"Phytopharmacological potential of the natural gift Moringa oleifera Lam and its therapeutic application: An overview","volume":"12","author":"Prabu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.12944\/CRNFSJ.10.2.6","article-title":"Isothiocyanates\u2014A Review of their Health Benefits and Potential Food Applications","volume":"10","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.04.003","article-title":"Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Kostov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1106","article-title":"Reversible conjugation of isothiocyanates with glutathione catalyzed by human glutathione transferases","volume":"206","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800210k","article-title":"Quantification of sulforaphane mercapturic acid pathway conjugates in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography and isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"21","author":"Egner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327914nc5501_7","article-title":"Safety, tolerance, and metabolism of broccoli sprout glucosinolates and isothiocyanates: A clinical phase I study","volume":"55","author":"Shapiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"447","article-title":"Conversion of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates in humans after ingestion of cooked watercress","volume":"8","author":"Getahun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC382_5","article-title":"Disposition of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in humans after ingestion of steamed and fresh broccoli","volume":"38","author":"Conaway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7628","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0607314","article-title":"Changes in glucosinolate concentrations, myrosinase activity, and production of metabolites of glucosinolates in cabbage (Brassica oleracea Var. capitata) cooked for different durations","volume":"54","author":"Rungapamestry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-085-3","article-title":"Hydrolysis of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates after ingestion of raw or microwaved cabbage by human volunteers","volume":"13","author":"Rouzaud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"501","article-title":"Chemoprotective glucosinolates and isothiocyanates of broccoli sprouts: Metabolism and excretion in humans","volume":"10","author":"Shapiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0296","article-title":"Bioavailability of Sulforaphane from two broccoli sprout beverages: Results of a short-term, cross-over clinical trial in Qidong, China","volume":"4","author":"Egner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2011.523495","article-title":"Sulforaphane absorption and excretion following ingestion of a semi-purified broccoli powder rich in glucoraphanin and broccoli sprouts in healthy men","volume":"63","author":"Cramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0008","article-title":"Intake of cruciferous vegetables modifies bladder cancer survival","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2565","article-title":"Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain","volume":"9","author":"Rivest","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subedi, L., Lee, J.H., Yumnam, S., Ji, E., and Kim, S.Y. (2019). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Sulforaphane on LPS-Activated Microglia Potentially through JNK\/AP-1\/NF-kappaB Inhibition and Nrf2\/HO-1 Activation. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020194"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.01.014","article-title":"Sulforaphane attenuates microglia-mediated neuronal necroptosis through down-regulation of MAPK\/NF-kappaB signaling pathways in LPS-activated BV-2 microglia","volume":"133","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2021.03.004","article-title":"Sulforaphane inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia through Nrf2-mediated miRNA alteration","volume":"233","author":"Tufekci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subedi, L., Lee, J.H., Gaire, B.P., and Kim, S.Y. (2020). Sulforaphane Inhibits MGO-AGE-Mediated Neuroinflammation by Suppressing NF-kappaB, MAPK, and AGE-RAGE Signaling Pathways in Microglial Cells. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090792"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.11.004","article-title":"Sulforaphane induces Nrf2 target genes and attenuates inflammatory gene expression in microglia from brain of young adult and aged mice","volume":"73","author":"Townsend","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-00990-x","article-title":"The isothiocyanate sulforaphane prevents mitochondrial impairment and neuroinflammation in the human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y and in the mouse microglial BV2 cells: Role for heme oxygenase-1","volume":"38","author":"Brasil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.01.019","article-title":"Sulforaphane triggers a functional elongation of microglial process via the Akt signal","volume":"67","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118519","article-title":"Sulforaphane mitigates LPS-induced neuroinflammation through modulation of Cezanne\/NF-kappaB signalling","volume":"262","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.07.052","article-title":"Sulforaphane Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Spatial Learning and Memory Dysfunction in Mice: The Role of BDNF-mTOR Signaling Pathway","volume":"388","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9451-4","article-title":"Sulforaphane Ameliorates Okadaic Acid-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats by Activating the Nrf2\/HO-1 Antioxidant Pathway","volume":"53","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-Sanchez, S., Garcia-Yague, A.J., Kugler, S., and Lastres-Becker, I. (2019). CX3CR1-deficient microglia shows impaired signalling of the transcription factor NRF2: Implications in tauopathies. Redox Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101118"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyyriainen, J., Kajevu, N., Banuelos, I., Lara, L., Lipponen, A., Balosso, S., Hamalainen, E., Das Gupta, S., Puhakka, N., and Natunen, T. (2021). Targeting Oxidative Stress with Antioxidant Duotherapy after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910555"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2015.1103463","article-title":"Sulforaphane reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory markers in hippocampus and liver but does not improve sickness behavior","volume":"20","author":"Townsend","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canto, A., Martinez-Gonzalez, J., Miranda, M., Olivar, T., Almansa, I., and Hernandez-Rabaza, V. (2022). Sulforaphane Modulates the Inflammation and Delays Neurodegeneration on a Retinitis Pigmentosa Mice Model. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.811257"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0549-z","article-title":"Neuroinflammation increases GABAergic tone and impairs cognitive and motor function in hyperammonemia by increasing GAT-3 membrane expression. Reversal by sulforaphane by promoting M2 polarization of microglia","volume":"13","author":"Agusti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.12.009","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome drives inflammation in ischemia\/reperfusion injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice","volume":"92","author":"Franke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549274","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3549274","article-title":"Sulforaphane-Enriched Broccoli Sprouts Pretreated by Pulsed Electric Fields Reduces Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Mouse Brain through Its Antioxidant Ability via Nrf2-HO-1 Activation","volume":"2019","author":"Subedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.10.001","article-title":"Dietary broccoli mildly improves neuroinflammation in aged mice but does not reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior","volume":"34","author":"Townsend","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2667","article-title":"Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits inflammasome activation in E. coli LPS-stimulated BV2 cells","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"6235","article-title":"Eruca sativa seed extract: A novel natural product able to counteract neuroinflammation","volume":"17","author":"Gugliandolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.09.008","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of glucomoringin-isothiocyanate against H(2)O(2)-Induced cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells","volume":"75","author":"Jaafaru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subedi, L., Venkatesan, R., and Kim, S.Y. (2017). Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Allyl Isothiocyanate through Attenuation of JNK\/NF-kappaB\/TNF-alpha Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071423"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00772-w","article-title":"Neuroprotective potential of isothiocyanates in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation","volume":"29","author":"Latronico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13025","article-title":"Melatonin-sulforaphane hybrid ITH12674 induces neuroprotection in oxidative stress conditions by a \u2018drug-prodrug\u2019 mechanism of action","volume":"172","author":"Egea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104597","article-title":"Melatonin-sulforaphane hybrid ITH12674 attenuates glial response in vivo by blocking LPS binding to MD2 and receptor oligomerization","volume":"152","author":"Michalska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM2003ra020003","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"348","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2174\/156720506779025279","article-title":"The role of tau phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Mi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/path.3969","article-title":"The unfolded protein response is associated with early tau pathology in the hippocampus of tauopathies","volume":"226","author":"Nijholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.01.001","article-title":"Inflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Amyloid-beta oligomers trigger innate immunity defence via pattern recognition receptors","volume":"87","author":"Salminen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2016-0147","article-title":"Natural product for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Bui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s40203-024-00267-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of sulforaphane in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Insights from an in-silico study","volume":"12","author":"Vu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Silico Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-024-01161-2","article-title":"LC\/MS-Based Metabolomics Reveals Chemical Variations of Two Broccoli Varieties in Relation to Their Anticholinesterase Activity: In vitro and In silico Studies","volume":"79","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7007","article-title":"Sulforaphane interaction with amyloid beta 1-40 peptide studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"28","author":"Nagaveni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youn, K., Yoon, J.H., Lee, N., Lim, G., Lee, J., Sang, S., Ho, C.T., and Jun, M. (2020). Discovery of Sulforaphane as a Potent BACE1 Inhibitor Based on Kinetics and Computational Studies. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103026"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1208889","article-title":"Transcription factor NFE2L2\/NRF2 is a regulator of macroautophagy genes","volume":"12","author":"Pajares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villavicencio-Tejo, F., Olesen, M.A., Aranguiz, A., and Quintanilla, R.A. (2022). Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Caspase-3 Cleaved Tau: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030515"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.01.046","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of Nrf2 by sulforaphane increases the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity in a cellular model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"824","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.08.052","article-title":"S-allyl-L-cysteine and isoliquiritigenin improve mitochondrial function in cellular models of oxidative and nitrosative stress","volume":"194","author":"Denzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.01.002","article-title":"Sulforaphane Attenuates Abeta Oligomers Mediated Decrease in Phagocytic Activity of Microglial Cells","volume":"429","author":"Chilakala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800240","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800240","article-title":"Sulforaphane Upregulates the Heat Shock Protein Co-Chaperone CHIP and Clears Amyloid-beta and Tau in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781938","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/781938","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Brassica oleracea Sprouts Crude Juice in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2015","author":"Masci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144124","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1144124","article-title":"Sulforaphane Upregulates Cultured Mouse Astrocytic Aquaporin-4 Expression through p38 MAPK Pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1112-x","article-title":"Sulforaphane rescues amyloid-beta peptide-mediated decrease in MerTK expression through its anti-inflammatory effect in human THP-1 macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Jhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.148206","article-title":"Sulforaphane attenuates microglia-mediated neuronal damage by down-regulating the ROS\/autophagy\/NLRP3 signal axis in fibrillar Abeta-activated microglia","volume":"1801","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"2132","article-title":"Sulforaphane reverses Abeta fiber-mediated M1 type microglia polarization and neuroinflammation-mediated necroptosis of neural stem cells by downregulating the MAPK\/NF-kappaB signaling pathways","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600194","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600194","article-title":"Sulforaphane epigenetically enhances neuronal BDNF expression and TrkB signaling pathways","volume":"61","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5b00067","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of sulforaphane against methylglyoxal cytotoxicity","volume":"28","author":"Angeloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171110","article-title":"Sulforaphane Inhibits the Generation of Amyloid-beta Oligomer and Promotes Spatial Learning and Memory in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (PS1V97L) Transgenic Mice","volume":"62","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, R., Zhan, Z., Li, X., Zhou, F., Xing, A., Jiang, C., Chen, Y., and An, L. (2017). Beneficial Effects of Sulforaphane Treatment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease May Be Mediated through Reduced HDAC1\/3 and Increased P75NTR Expression. Front. Aging Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00121"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317514542645","article-title":"Sulforaphane ameliorates neurobehavioral deficits and protects the brain from amyloid beta deposits and peroxidation in mice with Alzheimer-like lesions","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754195","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4754195","article-title":"Sulforaphene Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein via Regulating the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3beta Pathway in Experimental Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2020","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.016","article-title":"Sulforaphane exerts its anti-inflammatory effect against amyloid-beta peptide via STAT-1 dephosphorylation and activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 cascade in human THP-1 macrophages","volume":"38","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105839","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Sulforaphane in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease induced by Abeta (1-42) peptides","volume":"179","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.04.017","article-title":"Protective Effects of Sulforaphane on Cognitive Impairments and AD-like Lesions in Diabetic Mice are Associated with the Upregulation of Nrf2 Transcription Activity","volume":"381","author":"Pu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zhang, L., Li, X., Hu, Q., Mao, L., Shao, Y., Han, M., Zhang, S., Ejaz, I., and Mesbah, L. (2025). Sulforaphane suppresses Abeta accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation in vascular cognitive impairment(VCI). J. Nutr. Biochem., 136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109803"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minuti, A., Mazzon, E., Iori, R., Chiricosta, L., and Artimagnella, O. (2024). Bioactivated Glucoraphanin Improves Cell Survival, Upregulating Phospho-AKT, and Modulates Genes Involved in DNA Repair in an In Vitro Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Model: A Network-Transcriptomic Analysis. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234202"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14396","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150814396","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of sulforaphane on cholinergic neurons in mice with Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like lesions","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200397","article-title":"Sulforaphane Reverses the Amyloid-beta Oligomers Induced Depressive-like Behavior","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Bi, W., Xiao, S., Lan, X., Cheng, X., Zhang, J., Lu, D., Wei, W., Wang, Y., and Li, H. (2019). Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42286-8"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-37","article-title":"Neuro-inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment through enhancement of beta-amyloid generation","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani, N.A., Bahaidrah, K.A., Mansouri, R.A., Aldhahri, R.S., Abd El-Aziz, G.S., and Alghamdi, B.S. (2024). Possible Prophylactic Effects of Sulforaphane on LPS-Induced Recognition Memory Impairment Mediated by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammatory Proteins in the Prefrontal Cortex Region of the Brain. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12051107"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113467","article-title":"Sulforaphane enhances long-term potentiation and ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory impairment","volume":"238","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-1965-2","article-title":"Cognition Enhancing Activity of Sulforaphane Against Scopolamine Induced Cognitive Impairment in Zebra Fish (Danio rerio)","volume":"41","author":"Rajesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2016.07.004","article-title":"Sulforaphane induces neurovascular protection against a systemic inflammatory challenge via both Nrf2-dependent and independent pathways","volume":"85","author":"Holloway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c05609","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Insights into a Broccoli Byproduct as a Healthy Ingredient for the Management of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Aging through Redox Biology","volume":"72","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.11.048","article-title":"NRF2 activation by 6-MSITC increases the generation of neuroprotective, soluble alpha amyloid precursor protein by inducing the metalloprotease gene ADAM17","volume":"227","author":"Escoll","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00467-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00467-19","article-title":"Nrf2 Suppresses Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in App Knock-In Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Model Mice","volume":"40","author":"Uruno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morroni, F., Sita, G., Graziosi, A., Turrini, E., Fimognari, C., Tarozzi, A., and Hrelia, P. (2018). Protective Effects of 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl Isothiocyanate on Abeta(1-42)-Induced Cognitive Deficit, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072083"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azlan, U.K., Khairul Annuar, N.A., Mediani, A., Aizat, W.M., Damanhuri, H.A., Tong, X., Yanagisawa, D., Tooyama, I., Wan Ngah, W.Z., and Jantan, I. (2022). An insight into the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of Moringa oleifera. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1035220"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43010017","article-title":"The Moringin\/alpha-CD Pretreatment Induces Neuroprotection in an In Vitro Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Transcriptomic Study","volume":"43","author":"Silvestro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiricosta, L., Gugliandolo, A., Diomede, F., Pizzicannella, J., Trubiani, O., Iori, R., Tardiolo, G., Guarnieri, S., Bramanti, P., and Mazzon, E. (2019). Moringin Pretreatment Inhibits the Expression of Genes Involved in Mitophagy in the Stem Cell of the Human Periodontal Ligament. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183217"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sestito, S., Daniele, S., Pietrobono, D., Citi, V., Bellusci, L., Chiellini, G., Calderone, V., Martini, C., and Rapposelli, S. (2019). Memantine prodrug as a new agent for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40925-8"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111745","article-title":"Design and synthesis of H(2)S-donor hybrids: A new treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"184","author":"Sestito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.01.024","article-title":"Impact of the lesion procedure on the profiles of motor impairment and molecular responsiveness to L-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Francardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.08.018","article-title":"Dietary modifications in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A neuroprotective intervention?","volume":"85","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega-Galvez, A., Gomez-Perez, L.S., Zepeda, F., Vidal, R.L., Grunenwald, F., Mejias, N., Pasten, A., Araya, M., and Ah-Hen, K.S. (2023). Assessment of Bio-Compounds Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Neuroprotective Effect of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata rubra) Processed by Convective Drying at Different Temperatures. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091789"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, K., Wang, X., Gong, L., Zhai, X., Wang, K., Qiu, X., Zhang, H., Tang, Z., Jiang, H., and Wang, X. (2023). Screening of H(2)S donors with a red emission mitochondria-targetable fluorescent probe: Toward discovering a new therapeutic strategy for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biosens. Bioelectron., 237.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115521"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"4890","article-title":"Sulforaphane prevents PC12 cells from oxidative damage via the Nrf2 pathway","volume":"19","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.11.023","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of an Nrf2-ARE activator identified from a chemical library on dopaminergic neurons","volume":"818","author":"Izumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12060","article-title":"Dietary intake of glucoraphanin prevents the reduction of dopamine transporter in the mouse striatum after repeated administration of MPTP","volume":"39","author":"Pu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Chen, B., Wang, X., Wu, L., Yang, Y., Cheng, X., Hu, Z., Cai, X., Yang, J., and Sun, X. (2016). Sulforaphane protects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in vivo: Involvement of the mTOR, Nrf2, and autophagy pathways. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32206"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13958","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13958","article-title":"Inhibition of abnormal C\/EBPbeta\/alpha-Syn signaling pathway through activation of Nrf2 ameliorates Parkinson\u2019s disease-like pathology","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03591-6","article-title":"A Complex Interplay of DJ-1, LRRK2, and Nrf2 in the Regulation of Mitochondrial Function in Cypermethrin-Induced Parkinsonism","volume":"61","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Asuncion, R.M.D., and Ramani, P.K. (2025). Rett Syndrome. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2008.04.007","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for the Zappella variant of Rett syndrome (the preserved speech variant)","volume":"31","author":"Renieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01063-9","article-title":"Regulation of BDNF transcription by Nrf2 and MeCP2 ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8482-z","article-title":"Bioavailability and biotransformation of sulforaphane and erucin metabolites in different biological matrices determined by LC-MS-MS","volume":"407","author":"Platz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04641","article-title":"Comparison of Adaptive Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Sulforaphane and its Interconversion Product Erucin in in Vitro and in Vivo Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"66","author":"Morroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balducci, M., Perez, J.T., Del Rio, C.T., Perez, M.C., Carranza, A.D.V., Gomez Escribano, A.P., Vazquez-Manrique, R.P., and Tarozzi, A. (2024). Erucin, a Natural Isothiocyanate, Prevents Polyglutamine-Induced Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans via aak-2\/AMPK and daf-16\/FOXO Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212220"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2016.1828","article-title":"The Isothiocyanate Isolated from Moringa oleifera Shows Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity in the Treatment of Murine Subacute Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-015-9550-z","article-title":"A Novel Compound ITC-3 Activates the Nrf2 Signaling and Provides Neuroprotection in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Models","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2016.1223293","article-title":"A novel synthetic isothiocyanate ITC-57 displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties in a mouse Parkinson\u2019s disease model","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3415-8","article-title":"Inhibition of glutathione S-transferase-pi triggers c-jun N-terminal kinase-dependent neuronal death in Zn-induced Parkinsonism","volume":"452","author":"Chauhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.09.033","article-title":"Neuroprotection by 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate in a 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1589","author":"Morroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v12i1.4955","article-title":"The Redox Stress Test: A novel technique reveals oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"378","author":"Reich","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24090","article-title":"Modulating inflammation and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Yong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90435-9","article-title":"Nitric oxide as a potential pathological mechanism in demyelination: Its differential effects on primary glial cells in vitro","volume":"61","author":"Mitrovic","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J.L., van der Pol, S.M., Baron, W., McCord, J.M., de Vries, H.E., and van Horssen, J. (2016). Protandim Protects Oligodendrocytes against an Oxidative Insult. Antioxidants, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox5030030"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.02.012","article-title":"Multiple binding modes of isothiocyanates that inhibit macrophage migration inhibitory factor","volume":"93","author":"Spencer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.02.006","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS","volume":"262","author":"Ellwardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e197","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Sulforaphane in Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"34","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"194","article-title":"The protective effects of bioactive (RS)-glucoraphanin on the permeability of the mice blood-brain barrier following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"18","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.02.027","article-title":"SFX-01 reduces residual disability after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"30","author":"Galea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.03.018","article-title":"Antiinflammatory activity of glucomoringin isothiocyanate in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"95","author":"Galuppo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S110514","article-title":"Moringin activates Wnt canonical pathway by inhibiting GSK3beta in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"10","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744806917724318","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806917724318","article-title":"Topical moringin-cream relieves neuropathic pain by suppression of inflammatory pathway and voltage-gated ion channels in murine model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.12.030","article-title":"Sulforaphane produces antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in adult mice","volume":"301","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000511","article-title":"Crucifers and related vegetables and supplements for neurologic disorders: What is the evidence?","volume":"21","author":"Panjwani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2019.09.09","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: Definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Hodges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020","volume":"72","author":"Maenner","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666160413120414","article-title":"Biomarker-Guided Strategy for Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshehri, S., Ahmad, S.F., Albekairi, N.A., Alqarni, S.S., Al-Harbi, N.O., Al-Ayadhi, L.Y., Attia, S.M., Alfardan, A.S., Bakheet, S.A., and Nadeem, A. (2023). Thioredoxin 1 and Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Redox System Is Dysregulated in Neutrophils of Subjects with Autism: In Vitro Effects of Environmental Toxicant, Methylmercury. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090739"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35117","article-title":"Sustained release of sulforaphane by bioactive extracellular vesicles for neuroprotective effect on chick model","volume":"110","author":"Shahlaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zimmerman, A.W., Singh, K., Connors, S.L., Diggins, E., Stephenson, K.K., Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., and Fahey, J.W. (2020). Biomarker Exploration in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells for Monitoring Sulforaphane Treatment Responses in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62714-4"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104554","article-title":"Differential regulation of Nrf2 is linked to elevated inflammation and nitrative stress in monocytes of children with autism","volume":"113","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.02.031","article-title":"Nrf2 activator, sulforaphane ameliorates autism-like symptoms through suppression of Th17 related signaling and rectification of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in periphery and brain of BTBR T+tf\/J mice","volume":"364","author":"Nadeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., He, L., Dai, S., Zheng, H., Cui, X., Ou, J., and Zhang, X. (2023). Therapeutic efficacy of sulforaphane in autism spectrum disorders and its association with gut microbiota: Animal model and human longitudinal studies. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1294057"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12112","article-title":"Dietary intake of glucoraphanin during pregnancy and lactation prevents the behavioral abnormalities in the offspring after maternal immune activation","volume":"40","author":"Fujita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15550","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416940111","article-title":"Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"111","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164957X17735826","DOI":"10.1177\/2164957X17735826","article-title":"Sulforaphane from Broccoli Reduces Symptoms of Autism: A Follow-up Case Series from a Randomized Double-blind Study","volume":"6","author":"Lynch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0218-4","article-title":"Identification of urinary metabolites that correlate with clinical improvements in children with autism treated with sulforaphane from broccoli","volume":"9","author":"Bent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13016","article-title":"Sulforaphane as an adjunctive treatment for irritability in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"74","author":"Momtazmanesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00447-5","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of sulforaphane and metabolite discovery in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magner, M., Thorova, K., Zupova, V., Houska, M., Svandova, I., Novotna, P., Triska, J., Vrchotova, N., Soural, I., and Jilek, L. (2023). Sulforaphane Treatment in Children with Autism: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030718"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05784-9","article-title":"Efficacy of Sulforaphane in Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Multi-center Trial","volume":"54","author":"Ou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"e66959","article-title":"Importance of Using Epigenetic Nutrition and Supplements Based on Nutrigenetic Tests in Personalized Medicine","volume":"16","author":"Meral","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2015.1124397","article-title":"Social cognition in schizophrenia: Factor structure, clinical and functional correlates","volume":"25","author":"Buck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.155","article-title":"Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness: Time for a change in focus","volume":"70","author":"Kahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2014.934225","article-title":"Targeting of NMDA receptors in new treatments for schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2175-z","article-title":"Arm lengthening after reverse shoulder arthroplasty: A review","volume":"38","author":"Ladermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02529-1","article-title":"Genetic contribution to microglial activation in schizophrenia","volume":"29","author":"Koskuvi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirai, Y., Fujita, Y., Hashimoto, R., Ohi, K., Yamamori, H., Yasuda, Y., Ishima, T., Suganuma, H., Ushida, Y., and Takeda, M. (2015). Dietary Intake of Sulforaphane-Rich Broccoli Sprout Extracts during Juvenile and Adolescence Can Prevent Phencyclidine-Induced Cognitive Deficits at Adulthood. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127244"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuura, A., Ishima, T., Fujita, Y., Iwayama, Y., Hasegawa, S., Kawahara-Miki, R., Maekawa, M., Toyoshima, M., Ushida, Y., and Suganuma, H. (2018). Dietary glucoraphanin prevents the onset of psychosis in the adult offspring after maternal immune activation. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20538-3"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacson, R.H., Beier, J.I., Khoo, N.K., Freeman, B.A., Freyberg, Z., and Arteel, G.E. (2020). Olanzapine-induced liver injury in mice: Aggravation by high-fat diet and protection with sulforaphane. J. Nutr. Biochem., 81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108399"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur Sodhi, R., Kumar, H., Singh, R., Bansal, Y., Singh, Y., Kiran Kondepudi, K., Bishnoi, M., and Kuhad, A. (2024). Allyl isothiocyanate, a TRPA1 agonist, protects against olanzapine-induced hypothalamic and hepatic metabolic aberrations in female mice. Biochem. Pharmacol., 222.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116074"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112904","article-title":"Combined sulforaphane and beta-sitosterol mitigate olanzapine-induced metabolic disorders in rats: Insights on FOXO, PI3K\/AKT, JAK\/STAT3, and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"140","author":"Abdelzaher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2015.13.1.62","article-title":"An Open Study of Sulforaphane-rich Broccoli Sprout Extract in Patients with Schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Shiina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.03.018","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of an adjunctive sulforaphane nutraceutical in schizophrenia","volume":"231","author":"Dickerson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sgac024","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgac024","article-title":"Sulforaphane Effects on Cognition and Symptoms in First and Early Episode Schizophrenia: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial","volume":"3","author":"Hei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull. Open"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01679-7","article-title":"The association of SOD and HsCRP with the efficacy of sulforaphane in schizophrenia patients with residual negative symptoms","volume":"274","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5291","DOI":"10.2741\/3598","article-title":"Neurobiology of depression, fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain","volume":"14","author":"Maletic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.09.014","article-title":"The specific disease burden of neuropathic pain: Results of a French nationwide survey","volume":"152","author":"Attal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachowicz, K., and Sowa-Kucma, M. (2022). The treatment of depression\u2014Searching for new ideas. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.988648"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Whiteford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502","article-title":"Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.194","article-title":"Pathogen-Host Defense in the Evolution of Depression: Insights into Epidemiology, Genetics, Bioregional Differences and Female Preponderance","volume":"42","author":"Raison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9705-0_9","article-title":"The Role of Early Life Stress in HPA Axis and Anxiety","volume":"1191","author":"Juruena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.196973","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of Depression","volume":"59","author":"Gautam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"10","article-title":"The definition and meaning of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"62","author":"Sackeim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.77.s3.03","article-title":"The American Heart Association science advisory on depression and coronary heart disease: An exploration of the issues raised","volume":"77","author":"Bigger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"22","article-title":"SSRI Antidepressant Medications: Adverse Effects and Tolerability","volume":"3","author":"Ferguson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.020","article-title":"Dietary patterns and depression risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"253","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, W., Zhang, J.C., Ishima, T., Dong, C., Yang, C., Ren, Q., Ma, M., Han, M., Wu, J., and Suganuma, H. (2016). Role of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in depression and dietary intake of glucoraphanin confers stress resilience in mice. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30659"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.10.004","article-title":"Prophylactic effects of sulforaphane on depression-like behavior and dendritic changes in mice after inflammation","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira-Chamorro, P., Redondo, A., Riego, G., Leanez, S., and Pol, O. (2018). Sulforaphane Inhibited the Nociceptive Responses, Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors Associated With Neuropathic Pain and Improved the Anti-allodynic Effects of Morphine in Mice. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01332"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucci, P., Bove, M., Sikora, V., Dimonte, S., Morgese, M.G., Schiavone, S., Di Cesare Mannelli, L., Ghelardini, C., and Trabace, L. (2022). Glucoraphanin Triggers Rapid Antidepressant Responses in a Rat Model of Beta Amyloid-Induced Depressive-like Behaviour. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091054"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batalle, G., Cabarga, L., and Pol, O. (2019). The Inhibitory Effects of Slow-Releasing Hydrogen Sulfide Donors in the Mechanical Allodynia, Grip Strength Deficits, and Depressive-Like Behaviors Associated with Chronic Osteoarthritis Pain. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010031"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120913154","article-title":"Treatment with slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide donors inhibits the nociceptive and depressive-like behaviours accompanying chronic neuropathic pain: Endogenous antioxidant system activation","volume":"34","author":"Cabarga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01261-6","article-title":"Activation of BDNF by transcription factor Nrf2 contributes to antidepressant-like actions in rodents","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00727-z","article-title":"Sulforaphane activates anti-inflammatory microglia, modulating stress resilience associated with BDNF transcription","volume":"43","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02227-y","article-title":"Nrf2 regulates the arginase 1(+) microglia phenotype through the initiation of TREM2 transcription, ameliorating depression-like behavior in mice","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Sanchez, L.Y., Gonzalez-Trujano, M.E., Moreno, D.A., Vibrans, H., Castillo-Juarez, I., Dorazco-Gonzalez, A., and Soto-Hernandez, M. (2023). Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of the Raphanus sativus L. sprouts in mice. Biomed. Pharmacother., 162.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114579"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panczyszyn-Trzewik, P., Stachowicz, K., Misztak, P., Nowak, G., and Sowa-Kucma, M. (2024). Repeated Sulforaphane Treatment Reverses Depressive-like Behavior and Exerts Antioxidant Effects in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Model in Mice. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17060762"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13276","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of sulforaphane for treatment of mild to moderate depression in patients with history of cardiac interventions: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Bagheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21646821.2018.1428455","article-title":"The Revised Definition and Classification of Epilepsy for Neurodiagnostic Technologists","volume":"58","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurodiagnostic J."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, S., Dubey, V., Dixit, A.B., Tripathi, M., Chandra, P.S., and Banerjee, J. (2022). Differential Levels of Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in the Hippocampus, Anterior Temporal Lobe, and Neocortex in an Animal Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223560"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107790","article-title":"Pharmacoresistance\u2014Epidemiology, mechanisms, and impact on epilepsy treatment","volume":"168","author":"Janmohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03410.x","article-title":"Status epilepticus in immature rats leads to behavioural and cognitive impairment and epileptogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Kubova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson-Smith, J.N., and Patel, M. (2017). Metabolic Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112365"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.07.001","article-title":"Circulating glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels in patients with epilepsy: A meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00645B","article-title":"Benzyl isothiocyanates modulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via Nrf2\/HO-1 and NF-kappaB signaling pathways on indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats","volume":"12","author":"Ogaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.12.004","article-title":"Activation of Nrf2-ARE signal pathway protects the brain from damage induced by epileptic seizure","volume":"1544","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13361","article-title":"Sulforaphane is anticonvulsant and improves mitochondrial function","volume":"135","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.04.010","article-title":"Increased seizure susceptibility and other toxicity symptoms following acute sulforaphane treatment in mice","volume":"326","author":"Socala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz130","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress improves disease outcomes in a rat model of acquired epilepsy","volume":"142","author":"Pauletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain A J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandouka, S., and Shekh-Ahmad, T. (2021). Induction of the Nrf2 Pathway by Sulforaphane Is Neuroprotective in a Rat Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Model. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111702"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danek, J., Danacikova, S., Kala, D., Svoboda, J., Kapoor, S., Posusta, A., Folbergrova, J., Tauchmannova, K., Mracek, T., and Otahal, J. (2022). Sulforaphane Ameliorates Metabolic Changes Associated With Status Epilepticus in Immature Rats. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.855161"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03201-x","article-title":"Protective Effect of Sulforaphane on Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with Status Epilepticus in Immature Rats","volume":"60","author":"Folbergrova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-021-08690-y","article-title":"Preventive Effects of Sinigrin Against the Memory Deterioration in the Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Male Wistar Rats: Possible Modulation of NLRP3 Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Aghaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaoyu, C., Hongzhen, Z., Nan, P., Tengwei, G., Yanan, G., Yan, G., Haiyan, L., Li, M., Haiya, W., and Yujun, W. (2024). Benzyl isothiocyanate ameliorates cognitive function in mice of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1330102"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.05.030","article-title":"Black cabbage seed extract affects rat Cyp-mediated biotransformation: Organ and sex related differences","volume":"50","author":"Canistro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgg174","article-title":"Induction of cytochrome P450, generation of oxidative stress and in vitro cell-transforming and DNA-damaging activities by glucoraphanin, the bioprecursor of the chemopreventive agent sulforaphane found in broccoli","volume":"25","author":"Paolini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/00498259009047157","article-title":"Glucosinolates toxicity in growing rats: Interactions with the hepatic detoxification system","volume":"20","author":"Rabot","year":"1990","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galanty, A., Grudzinska, M., Pazdziora, W., Sluzaly, P., and Pasko, P. (2024). Do Brassica Vegetables Affect Thyroid Function?\u2014A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073988"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yagishita, Y., Fahey, J.W., Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., and Kensler, T.W. (2019). Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters?. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193593"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9231-7","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of R-sulforaphane isothiocyanate on the biology of human mesenchymal stem cells, at dietary amounts, it promotes cell proliferation and reduces senescence and apoptosis, while at anti-cancer drug doses, it has a cytotoxic effect","volume":"34","author":"Zanichelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-012-0740-3","article-title":"Low concentrations of isothiocyanates protect mesenchymal stem cells from oxidative injuries, while high concentrations exacerbate DNA damage","volume":"17","author":"Zanichelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.05.003","article-title":"Sulforaphane induces DNA single strand breaks in cultured human cells","volume":"689","author":"Sestili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Yang, M.R., Hu, X., Hong, Z.S., Bai, Y.Y., Sheng, J., Tian, Y., and Shi, C.Y. (2023). Moringa oleifera Lam. Isothiocyanate Quinazolinone Derivatives Inhibit U251 Glioma Cell Proliferation through Cell Cycle Regulation and Apoptosis Induction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411376"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01995-6","article-title":"Mechanism of selective anticancer activity of isothiocyanates relies on differences in DNA damage repair between cancer and healthy cells","volume":"59","author":"Hac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/7\/818\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:03:23Z","timestamp":1760033003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/7\/818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":229,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14070818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14070818","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}}}