{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:16:36Z","timestamp":1793765796541,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":346,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Redes en Biomedicina from Comunidad Autonoma of Madrid","award":["P2022\/BMD7224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD7224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), oxidative stress and inflammation are closely linked, driving disease onset, progression, and comorbidities. Oxidative stress activates inflammatory pathways, while chronic inflammation promotes further reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, creating a vicious cycle leading to airway remodeling, reduced lung function, and exacerbations. This review highlights the central roles of inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In COPD, chronic hypoxemia associates with emphysema, appearing with disease progression. In OSA, beyond systemic consequences, pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to lung injury as well. Although COPD and OSA are distinct conditions, some patients present with \u201coverlap syndrome\u201d, a term used in this review to describe the coexistence of both. This combination poses unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We also examine the role of hypoxia and its transcriptional effects via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. Finally, we explore how artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising tools to improve diagnosis, monitoring, and management of CRDs and may help elucidate mechanistic links between hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, contributing to more personalized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1751975887000},"page":"839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hypoxemic Respiratory Diseases and Their Comorbidities: Molecular Insights and Diagnostic Advances in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2553-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Andreu-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Daza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Lab, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2005-7077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4549-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IdiPAZ, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Cubillos-Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IdiPAZ, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5918-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Lozano-Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AUDIAS\u2014Audio, Data Intelligence and Speech, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aythami","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Lab, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5998-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AUDIAS\u2014Audio, Data Intelligence and Speech, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Aragon\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1382-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Cogolludo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4014-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"del Peso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IdiPAZ, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Garc\u00eda-R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IdiPAZ, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-960X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Calzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD (2023). 2019 Chronic Respiratory Diseases Collaborators. Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: An update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. eClinicalMedicine, 59, 101936."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2020.07.024","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of COPD in Spain: EPISCAN II","volume":"57","author":"Soriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safiri, S., Carson-Chahhoud, K., Noori, M., Nejadghaderi, S.A., Sullman, M.J.M., Ahmadian Heris, J., Ansarin, K., Mansournia, M.A., Collins, G.S., and Kolahi, A.A. (2022). Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ, 378.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069679"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: A literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"995","article-title":"Novel aspects of pathogenesis and regeneration mechanisms in COPD","volume":"10","author":"Bagdonas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9981-5","article-title":"Early origins of chronic obstructive lung diseases across the life course","volume":"29","author":"Duijts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, W., Lukacs, N.W., Elesela, S., and Malinczak, C.-A. (2021). Role of ILC2 in Viral-Induced Lung Pathogenesis. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.675169"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.026","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induces pulmonary arterial dysfunction through an imbalance in the redox status of the soluble guanylyl cyclase","volume":"193","author":"Climent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200411-056SF","article-title":"Pulmonary and systemic oxidant\/antioxidant imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2","author":"MacNee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-63","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A population-based study","volume":"11","author":"Miravitlles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00171614","article-title":"COPD comorbidities network","volume":"46","author":"Divo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2025.01.001","article-title":"The Intersection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Recent Insights in a Challenging Area","volume":"7","author":"Heffernan","year":"2025","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S49621","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical impact of major comorbidities in patients with COPD","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago D\u00edaz, C., Medrano, F.J., Mu\u00f1oz-Rivas, N., Castilla Guerra, L., Alonso Ortiz, M.B., and En Representaci\u00f3n de los Grupos de Trabajo de EPOC y de Riesgo Vascular de la Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Medicina Interna (2025). COPD and cardiovascular risk. Clin. Investig. Arterioscler., 500757.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2024.500757"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2024.2333786","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and risk in COPD: A state of the art review","volume":"22","author":"Polman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Z., Chen, P., Chen, S., Kong, X., Ma, H., and Cao, C. (2025). Relationship between advanced lung cancer inflammation index and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among chronic inflammatory airway diseases patients: A population-based study. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1585927"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S111724","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidities according to predominant phenotype and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Camiciottoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00061503","article-title":"Sleep-related breathing disorders: Impact on mortality of cerebrovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Parra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200808-1341OC","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces mortality in patients with ischemic stroke and obstructive sleep apnea: A 5-year follow-up study","volume":"180","author":"Soriano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71141-7","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: An observational study","volume":"365","author":"Marin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202209-1808OC","article-title":"Sleep Apnea Physiological Burdens and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality","volume":"208","author":"Labarca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2014.12.007","article-title":"Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and type 2 diabetes. A reciprocal relationship?","volume":"51","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.14.1829","article-title":"Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"283","author":"Nieto","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.964783","article-title":"Association of obstructive sleep apnea with risk of serious cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Loke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2016.11","article-title":"Hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"39","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09402","article-title":"Relationship of Hypertension to Coronary Atherosclerosis and Cardiac Events in Patients With Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography","volume":"70","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.059","article-title":"Local Pressure Drives Low-Density Lipoprotein Accumulation and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Hypertensive Minipigs","volume":"77","author":"Nasr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3407","article-title":"The severity of oxygen desaturation is predictive of carotid wall thickening and plaque occurrence","volume":"128","author":"Baguet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1771OC","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis","volume":"175","author":"Savransky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1671OC","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea and cancer incidence in a large multicenter Spanish cohort","volume":"187","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201903-0577PP","article-title":"Cancer and Sleep Apnea: Cutaneous Melanoma as a Case Study","volume":"200","author":"Almendros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801298","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01298-2018","article-title":"Soluble PD-L1 is a potential biomarker of cutaneous melanoma aggressiveness and metastasis in obstructive sleep apnoea patients","volume":"53","author":"Nagore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cubillos-Zapata, C., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, M.\u00c1., D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, E., Jaureguizar, A., Campos-Rodr\u00edguez, F., S\u00e1nchez-de-la-Torre, M., Nagore, E., Martorell-Calatayud, A., Blasco, L.H., and Pastor, E. (2020). Obesity attenuates the effect of sleep apnea on active TGF-\u00df1 levels and tumor aggressiveness in patients with melanoma. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72481-x"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16179","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001247RR","article-title":"Proangiogenic factor midkine is increased in melanoma patients with sleep apnea and induces tumor cell proliferation","volume":"34","author":"Toledano","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olszewska, E., Rogalska, J., and Brz\u00f3ska, M.M. (2021). The Association of Oxidative Stress in the Uvular Mucosa with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Clinical Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10051132"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2024.2384036","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea overlap: Who to treat and how?","volume":"18","author":"Sunwoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10600","article-title":"Inflammation biomarkers in OSA, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\/OSA overlap syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.251470","article-title":"Oxygen sensing and hypoxia signalling pathways in animals: The implications of physiology for cancer","volume":"591","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01080-1","article-title":"Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: Implications and prospects for therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Hao, J., Sun, H., Li, M., Zhang, Y., and Qian, Q. (2025). Applications of digital health technologies and artificial intelligence algorithms in COPD: Systematic review. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-02870-7"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10532","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"Bazoukis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"199","article-title":"Hypoxemia in patients with COPD: Cause, effects, and disease progression","volume":"6","author":"Kent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2022.08.005","article-title":"Hypoxic Burden in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Present and Future","volume":"59","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0500","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxemia and OSA: Implications for comorbidities","volume":"147","author":"Dewan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C629","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00265.2015","article-title":"Oxygen sensing by the carotid body: Mechanisms and role in adaptation to hypoxia","volume":"310","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pescador, N., Villar, D., Cifuentes, D., Garcia-Rocha, M., Ortiz-Barahona, A., Vazquez, S., Ordo\u00f1ez, A., Cuevas, Y., Saez-Morales, D., and Garcia-Bermejo, M.L. (2010). Hypoxia promotes glycogen accumulation through hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-mediated induction of glycogen synthase 1. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009644"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, C.F., Acosta, F.J., Bertocchini, F., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Arias, C. (2025). Redefining the role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in oxygen homeostasis. Commun. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07896-1"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"197","article-title":"Signaling hypoxia by hypoxia-inducible factor protein hydroxylases: A historical overview and future perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Bishop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypoxia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15215","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511408200","article-title":"Concordant regulation of gene expression by hypoxia and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase inhibition: The role of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha, and other pathways","volume":"281","author":"Elvidge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06905","article-title":"NF-kappaB links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional regulation of HIF-1alpha","volume":"453","author":"Rius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakir, D., Batie, M., Kwok, C.-S., Kenneth, N.S., and Rocha, S. (2025). NF-\u03baB Is a Central Regulator of Hypoxia-Induced Gene Expression. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.08.631917"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122256","article-title":"FoxO3 activation in hypoxic tubules prevents chronic kidney disease","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4554","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.323","article-title":"FoxO3A promotes metabolic adaptation to hypoxia by antagonizing Myc function","volume":"30","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2005.09.010","article-title":"Hypoxia requires notch signaling to maintain the undifferentiated cell state","volume":"9","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.8.2515-2523.2002","article-title":"The response of c-jun\/AP-1 to chronic hypoxia is hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha dependent","volume":"22","author":"Laderoute","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540252774766","article-title":"HIF-1 and AP-1 cooperate to increase gene expression in hypoxia: Role of MAP kinases","volume":"52","author":"Michiels","year":"2001","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar, D., Ortiz-Barahona, A., G\u00f3mez-Maldonado, L., Pescador, N., S\u00e1nchez-Cabo, F., Hackl, H., Rodriguez, B.A.T., Trajanoski, Z., Dopazo, A., and Huang, T.H.M. (2012). Cooperativity of stress-responsive transcription factors in core hypoxia-inducible factor binding regions. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045708"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3073","article-title":"Hypoxia regulates Hippo signalling through the SIAH2 ubiquitin E3 ligase","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00920-y","article-title":"USP15 promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension in a YAP1\/TAZ-dependent manner","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Lockett, A., Zhao, S., Huang, L.S., Wang, Y., Wu, W., Tang, M., Haider, S., Rendon, D.V., and Khan, R. (2022). Sphingosine Kinase 1 Deficiency in Smooth Muscle Cells Protects against Hypoxia-Mediated Pulmonary Hypertension via YAP1 Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314516"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, R., and Hong, Z. (2024). YAP\/TAZ as mechanobiological signaling pathway in cardiovascular physiological regulation and pathogenesis. Mechanobiol. Med., 2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbm.2024.100085"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.48","article-title":"Reciprocal influence of the p53 and the hypoxic pathways","volume":"2","author":"Sermeus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F464","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00501.2020","article-title":"Nrf2 mediates hypoxia-inducible HIF1\u03b1 activation in kidney tubular epithelial cells","volume":"320","author":"Potteti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01180-8","article-title":"Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and the interplay of HIFs and NRF2 signaling in cancer","volume":"56","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau5870","article-title":"Hypoxia induces rapid changes to histone methylation and reprograms chromatin","volume":"363","author":"Batie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1026","article-title":"Histone demethylase KDM6A directly senses oxygen to control chromatin and cell fate","volume":"363","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kindrick, J.D., and Mole, D.R. (2020). Hypoxic Regulation of Gene Transcription and Chromatin: Cause and Effect. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218320"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20191106","article-title":"Gene transcription and chromatin regulation in hypoxia","volume":"48","author":"Batie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2021.02.022","article-title":"Defining the Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis With Implications for Patient Management","volume":"58","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5912","article-title":"Impaired physiological responses to chronic hypoxia in mice partially deficient for hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI15496","article-title":"Heterozygous deficiency of hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha protects mice against pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction during prolonged hypoxia","volume":"111","author":"Brusselmans","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.043","article-title":"Cell Autonomous and Non-cell Autonomous Regulation of SMC Progenitors in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Sheikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01055-15","article-title":"The Endothelial Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Domain 2\/Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 Axis Regulates Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Mice","volume":"36","author":"Kapitsinou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137558","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor signaling in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"130","author":"Pullamsetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900378","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00378-2019","article-title":"Suppression of HIF2 signalling attenuates the initiation of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021494","article-title":"Prolyl-4 Hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) Deficiency in Endothelial Cells and Hematopoietic Cells Induces Obliterative Vascular Remodeling and Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Mice and Humans Through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2\u03b1","volume":"133","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8801","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602978113","article-title":"HIF2\u03b1-arginase axis is essential for the development of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"113","author":"Cowburn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58848","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11585","article-title":"Loss of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 in vascular endothelium increases pericyte coverage and promotes pulmonary arterial remodeling","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-153718","article-title":"Autosomal dominant erythrocytosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with an activating HIF2 alpha mutation","volume":"112","author":"Gale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17134","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.444059","article-title":"Erythrocytosis and pulmonary hypertension in a mouse model of human HIF2A gain of function mutation","volume":"288","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urrutia, A.A., and Aragon\u00e9s, J. (2018). HIF Oxygen Sensing Pathways in Lung Biology. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6020068"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv243","article-title":"HIF-2\u03b1-mediated induction of pulmonary thrombospondin-1 contributes to hypoxia-driven vascular remodelling and vasoconstriction","volume":"109","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"L256","article-title":"Endothelial HIF-2\u03b1 contributes to severe pulmonary hypertension due to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"314","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308ra159","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa9712","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell progenitors are primed to muscularize in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"7","author":"Sheikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202001-0078OC","article-title":"Endothelial HIF-2\u03b1 as a Key Endogenous Mediator Preventing Emphysema","volume":"202","author":"Pasupneti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, S., Takikawa, S., Geraghty, P., Argmann, C., Campbell, J., Lin, L., Huang, T., Tu, Z., Feronjy, R., and Spira, A. (2015). Integrative analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression data identifies EPAS1 as a key regulator of COPD. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004898"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137560","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factors and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"130","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22640","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 mediates increased expression of NADPH oxidase-2 in response to intermittent hypoxia","volume":"226","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811018106","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia degrades HIF-2alpha via calpains resulting in oxidative stress: Implications for recurrent apnea-induced morbidities","volume":"106","author":"Nanduri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00987-5","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 mediates hypertension and vascular remodeling in sleep apnea via hippo-YAP pathway activation","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Capelli, M., Marsboom, G., Li, Q.O.Y., Tello, D., Rodriguez, F.M., Alonso, T., Sanchez-Madrid, F., Garc\u00eda-Rio, F., Ancochea, J., and Aragon\u00e9s, J. (2016). Role Of Hif2\u03b1 Oxygen Sensing Pathway In Bronchial Epithelial Club Cell Proliferation. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25357"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60693-6","article-title":"Current concepts in targeting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pharmacotherapy: Making progress towards personalised management","volume":"385","author":"Woodruff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Wan, Q., Seo, G.-Y., Kim, K., El Baghdady, S., Lee, J.H., Kronenberg, M., and Liu, Y.-C. (2022). Hypoxia induces adrenomedullin from lung epithelia, stimulating ILC2 inflammation and immunity. J. Exp. Med., 219.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211985"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flayer, C.H., Linderholm, A.L., Ge, M.Q., Juarez, M., Franzi, L., Tham, T., Teuber, M., Liao, S.Y., Schivo, M., and Kuhn, B. (2024). COPD with elevated sputum group 2 innate lymphoid cells is characterized by severe disease. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.21.23298837"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03046","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma adrenomedullin in COPD exacerbation","volume":"59","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0047","article-title":"Plasma pro-adrenomedullin but not plasma pro-endothelin predicts survival in exacerbations of COPD","volume":"134","author":"Stolz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.556746","article-title":"Selective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Ryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.04.062","article-title":"Human adipocytes are highly sensitive to intermittent hypoxia induced NF-kappaB activity and subsequent inflammatory gene expression","volume":"447","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00154-5","article-title":"HIF-1alpha is essential for myeloid cell-mediated inflammation","volume":"112","author":"Cramer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1881410","article-title":"Differential activation and antagonistic function of HIF-{alpha} isoforms in macrophages are essential for NO homeostasis","volume":"24","author":"Takeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181211","article-title":"The E3 ligase VHL controls alveolar macrophage function via metabolic-epigenetic regulation","volume":"215","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.034","article-title":"Von Hippel-Lindau Protein Is Required for Optimal Alveolar Macrophage Terminal Differentiation, Self-Renewal, and Function","volume":"24","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.107035","article-title":"The role of lung macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"205","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meliante, P.G., Zoccali, F., Cascone, F., Di Stefano, V., Greco, A., de Vincentiis, M., Petrella, C., Fiore, M., Minni, A., and Barbato, C. (2023). Molecular Pathology, Oxidative Stress, and Biomarkers in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065478"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavalle, S., Masiello, E., Iannella, G., Magliulo, G., Pace, A., Lechien, J.R., Calvo-Henriquez, C., Cocuzza, S., Parisi, F.M., and Favier, V. (2024). Unraveling the Complexities of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Biomarkers in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040425"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933673","article-title":"Physiology of nitric oxide in the respiratory system","volume":"66","author":"Antosova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5608","article-title":"NADPH oxidases in lung health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Bernard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.011","article-title":"Oxidases and peroxidases in cardiovascular and lung disease: New concepts in reactive oxygen species signaling","volume":"51","author":"Khoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.02.013","article-title":"Pathobiological mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome (MetS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical significance and therapeutic strategies","volume":"198","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39883","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039883","article-title":"Association between oxidative balance score and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Hao, B., Ma, A., He, J., Liu, X., and Chen, J. (2016). The Expression of NOX4 in Smooth Muscles of Small Airway Correlates with the Disease Severity of COPD. Biomed. Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2891810"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Murugesan, P., Zhang, P., Xu, S., Peng, L., Wang, C., and Cai, H. (2022). NADPH Oxidase Isoforms in COPD Patients and Acute Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Mice: Induction of Oxidative Stress and Lung Inflammation. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081539"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alateeq, R., Akhtar, A., De Luca, S.N., Chan, S.M.H., and Vlahos, R. (2024). Apocynin Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior and Preserves Microglial Profiles in Male Mice. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070855"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070765","article-title":"Genetic Ablation of NADPH Oxidase Enhances Susceptibility to Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Inflammation and Emphysema in Mice","volume":"172","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142189","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.142189","article-title":"Downregulation of epithelial DUOX1 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"6","author":"Schiffers","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L144","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00021.2021","article-title":"Downregulation of DUOX1 function contributes to aging-related impairment of innate airway injury responses and accelerated senile emphysema","volume":"321","author":"Schiffers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032158","article-title":"The Nature of Small-Airway Obstruction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"350","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60988-4","article-title":"New insights into the immunology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"378","author":"Brusselle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.05.011","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"138","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L205","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00330.2013","article-title":"Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments","volume":"307","author":"Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.019588","article-title":"Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: A systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Gan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agust\u00ed, A., Edwards, L.D., Rennard, S.I., MacNee, W., Tal-Singer, R., Miller, B.E., Vestbo, J., Lomas, D.A., Calverley, P.M.A., and Wouters, E. (2012). Persistent Systemic Inflammation is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes in COPD: A Novel Phenotype. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037483"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1113OC","article-title":"Inflammatory Biomarkers and Comorbidities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"186","author":"Thomsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mastino, P., Rosati, D., de Soccio, G., Romeo, M., Pentangelo, D., Venarubea, S., Fiore, M., Meliante, P.G., Petrella, C., and Barbato, C. (2023). Oxidative Stress in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Putative Pathways to Hearing System Impairment. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071430"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107512","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: Beyond the dogma of obesity!","volume":"222","author":"Abourjeili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, K.S., Fuloria, N.K., Fuloria, S., Rahman, S.B., Al-Malki, W.H., Javed Shaikh, M.A., Thangavelu, L., Singh, S.K., Allam, V.S.R.R., and Jha, N.K. (2021). Nuclear factor-kappa B and its role in inflammatory lung disease. Chem. Biol. Interact., 345.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109568"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3236","article-title":"A Pro-Inflammatory Role for Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Israel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S494748","article-title":"TRPC5 Promotes Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury Through Oxidative Stress","volume":"16","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-012-0761-8","article-title":"Influence of CPAP treatment on airway and systemic inflammation in OSAS patients","volume":"18","author":"Ugur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-012-0728-9","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins prevent oxidative and carbonyl stress in an animal model of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"17","author":"Celec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thareja, S., Mandapalli, R., Shaik, F., Rajeev Pillai, A., Palaniswamy, G., Sahu, S., Cherukuri, S.P., Younas, S., and Palaniswamy, G.P. (2024). Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 16.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.71940"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelska, A., Polecka, A., Zahorodnii, A., and Olszewska, E. (2024). The Role of Oxidative Stress and the Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Aronia melanocarpa Supplementation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111300"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokra, D., Mokry, J., Barosova, R., and Hanusrichterova, J. (2023). Advances in the Use of N-Acetylcysteine in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091713"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51079-1","article-title":"Effect of high-dose N-acetylcysteine on exacerbations and lung function in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD: A double-blind, parallel group, multicentre randomised clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S368645","article-title":"Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekete, M., Cs\u00edp\u0151, T., Fazekas-Pongor, V., Feh\u00e9r, \u00c1., Szarvas, Z., Kaposv\u00e1ri, C., Horv\u00e1th, K., Lehoczki, A., Tarantini, S., and Varga, J.T. (2023). The Effectiveness of Supplementation with Key Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants and Specific Nutritional Supplements in COPD\u2014A Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122741"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.05.025","article-title":"The use of continuous positive airway pressure in COPD-OSA overlap syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Srivali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.1.266","article-title":"Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in COPD Patients in Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure","volume":"103","author":"Miro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, B.-K., Lee, J.-W., Choi, H., and Yim, S.-V. (2020). Aronia melanocarpa Fruit Bioactive Fraction Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090816"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2023.69.13.34","article-title":"Tempol attenuates chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced lung injury through the miR-145-5p\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"69","author":"Ai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and Cancer: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2019.102673","article-title":"Inflammation-induced DNA damage, mutations and cancer","volume":"83","author":"Kay","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, L., Liu, K., Liu, C., Wang, X., Ma, W., Xu, W., Wu, J., and Sun, C. (2022). Tumor accomplice: T cell exhaustion induced by chronic inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.979116"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00234-2016","article-title":"Upper airway and systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"48","author":"Vicente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3477","article-title":"Mechanistic links between COPD and lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Houghton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2065ED","article-title":"Impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Immune-based Treatment for Lung Cancer. Moving toward Disease Interception","volume":"197","author":"Dubinett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6562","article-title":"Chronic NF-\u03baB activation links COPD and lung cancer through generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the lungs","volume":"7","author":"Zaynagetdinov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forder, A., Zhuang, R., Souza, V.G.P., Brockley, L.J., Pewarchuk, M.E., Telkar, N., Stewart, G.L., Benard, K., Marshall, E.A., and Reis, P.P. (2023). Mechanisms Contributing to the Comorbidity of COPD and Lung Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032859"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2664","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in COPD","volume":"144","author":"Kirkham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50s","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00229701","article-title":"Cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-120","article-title":"Role of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"14","author":"Sohal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, E., Garc\u00eda-Tovar, S., Casitas, R., Jaureguizar, A., Zamarr\u00f3n, E., S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, B., Sastre-Perona, A., L\u00f3pez-Collazo, E., Garcia-Rio, F., and Cubillos-Zapata, C. (2021). Intermittent Hypoxia Mediates Paraspeckle Protein-1 Upregulation in Sleep Apnea. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153888"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200707","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00707-2022","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea is related to melanoma aggressiveness through paraspeckle protein-1 upregulation","volume":"61","author":"Nagore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.1.59","article-title":"Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"25","author":"Gozal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, E., Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez, A., Alfaro, E., L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Ma\u00f1as, E., Cano-Pumarega, I., L\u00f3pez-Collazo, E., Garc\u00eda-R\u00edo, F., and Cubillos-Zapata, C. (2023). PSGL-1: A novel immune checkpoint driving T-cell dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1277551"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602456","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02456-2016","article-title":"Monocytes inhibit NK activity via TGF-\u03b2 in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"49","author":"Toledano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verduzco, D., Lloyd, M., Xu, L., Ibrahim-Hashim, A., Balagurunathan, Y., Gatenby, R.A., and Gillies, R.J. (2015). Intermittent Hypoxia Selects for Genotypes and Phenotypes That Increase Survival, Invasion, and Therapy Resistance. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120958"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201310-1830OC","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxia-induced Changes in Tumor-associated Macrophages and Tumor Malignancy in a Mouse Model of Sleep Apnea","volume":"189","author":"Almendros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Pahwa, R., Goyal, A., and Jialal, I. (2025). Chronic Inflammation, National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.008","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome: From a danger signal sensor to a regulatory node of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases","volume":"4","author":"Abderrazak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-00965-7","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA release and activation of the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00886-5","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in cancer and metabolic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.007","article-title":"Mechanisms and Functions of Inflammasomes","volume":"157","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620458114","article-title":"Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex potentiates venous thrombosis in response to hypoxia","volume":"114","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00650-z","article-title":"Inflammasomes as therapeutic targets in human diseases","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.010","article-title":"Canonical Nlrp3 Inflammasome Links Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation to Functional Decline in Aging","volume":"18","author":"Youm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1206755","article-title":"The inflammasome in pathogen recognition and inflammation","volume":"82","author":"Sutterwala","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2013.10.004","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"35","author":"Barnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, P.J. (2013). COPD: Inflammatory mechanisms and systemic consequences. COPD and Comorbidity, European Respiratory Society.","DOI":"10.1183\/1025448x.10011112"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1757ST","article-title":"An Official American Thoracic Society Public Policy Statement: Novel Risk Factors and the Global Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"182","author":"Eisner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-014-6569-y","article-title":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Ischemic Heart Disease Comorbidity: Overview of Mechanisms and Clinical Management","volume":"29","author":"Campo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201201-0034OC","article-title":"Comorbidities and Risk of Mortality in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"186","author":"Divo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2017.03.001","article-title":"Total management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"70","author":"Onishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753465817750524","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465817750524","article-title":"Defining the relationship between COPD and CVD: What are the implications for clinical practice?","volume":"12","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00241-6","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kheirandish-Gozal, L., and Gozal, D. (2019). Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Inflammation: Proof of Concept Based on Two Illustrative Cytokines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030459"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000988","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Yeghiazarians","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tietjens, J.R., Claman, D., Kezirian, E.J., De Marco, T., Mirzayan, A., Sadroonri, B., Goldberg, A.N., Long, C., Gerstenfeld, E.P., and Yeghiazarians, Y. (2019). Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Multidisciplinary Clinical Management Strategy. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 8.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010440"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2015.1131290","article-title":"Effect of spironolactone on patients with resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0215-7","article-title":"DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00086608","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in OSAHS: The oxidative stress link","volume":"33","author":"Lavie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.008","article-title":"An assessment of oxidized LDL in the lipid profiles of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and its association with both hypertension and dyslipidemia, and the impact of treatment with CPAP","volume":"241","author":"Feres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00307.2016","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia induces murine macrophage foam cell formation by IKK-\u03b2-dependent NF-\u03baB pathway activation","volume":"121","author":"Imamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202106-1445OC","article-title":"Inflammasome Activation: A Keystone of Proinflammatory Response in Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"205","author":"Alfaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201401","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01401-2022","article-title":"Inflammasome activation mediated by oxidised low-density lipoprotein in patients with sleep apnoea and early subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Alfaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313591","article-title":"Immunity and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Wolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018","article-title":"Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Simonneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401324","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01324-2024","article-title":"Definition, classification and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"64","author":"Kovacs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220205","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0205-2022","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension related to chronic respiratory disease","volume":"18","author":"Krompa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200903-0347PP","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: Overlaps in pathophysiology, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"180","author":"McNicholas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1013","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00217.2009","article-title":"Animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension: The hope for etiological discovery and pharmacological cure","volume":"297","author":"Stenmark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L229","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00238.2014","article-title":"The role of inflammation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: From cellular mechanisms to clinical phenotypes","volume":"308","author":"Pugliese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22611","article-title":"Neutral sphingomyelinase, NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species. Role in acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction","volume":"226","author":"Frazziano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.008","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as mediators of oxygen signaling during fetal-to-neonatal circulatory transition","volume":"142","author":"Villamor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2551-y","article-title":"Na+ controls hypoxic signalling by the mitochondrial respiratory chain","volume":"586","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701024","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01024-2017","article-title":"Impact of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"51","author":"Pak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.042","article-title":"Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species to modulate hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"87","author":"Adesina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, S., Sheak, J.R., Walker, B.R., Jernigan, N.L., and Resta, T.C. (2023). Contribution of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species to Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122060"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)31011-4","article-title":"Chronic hypoxia-enhanced murine pulmonary vasoconstriction: Role of superoxide and gp91phox","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-022-01797-y","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea-increased DEC1 regulates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress that promotes development of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1165\/2008-0145OC","article-title":"The role of NADPH oxidase in chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice","volume":"40","author":"Nisbet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275852","article-title":"Sensors and signals: The role of reactive oxygen species in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction","volume":"597","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17314-1","article-title":"Rieske iron-sulfur protein induces FKBP12.6\/RyR2 complex remodeling and subsequent pulmonary hypertension through NF-\u03baB\/cyclin D1 pathway","volume":"11","author":"Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601651","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01651-2016","article-title":"Hypoxic vascular response and ventilation\/perfusion matching in end-stage COPD may depend on p22phox","volume":"50","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2005","article-title":"The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology","volume":"87","author":"Bedard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011079","article-title":"NADPH Oxidase 4 Induces Cardiac Fibrosis and Hypertrophy Through Activating Akt\/mTOR and NF\u03baB Signaling Pathways","volume":"131","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.267054","article-title":"Nox4 Is a Protective Reactive Oxygen Species Generating Vascular NADPH Oxidase","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.09.005","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules in the development of lung fibrosis","volume":"190","author":"Chandel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200501-017PP","article-title":"Oxidative stress in pulmonary fibrosis: A possible role for redox modulatory therapy","volume":"172","author":"Kinnula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.1.3379","article-title":"Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates increase transforming growth factor-beta1 release from human epithelial alveolar cells through two different mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Bellocq","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00245.2007","article-title":"PDE5A inhibition attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension through inhibition of ROS generation and RhoA\/Rho kinase activation","volume":"294","author":"Hemnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behnke, J., Dippel, C.M., Choi, Y., Rekers, L., Schmidt, A., Lauer, T., Dong, Y., Behnke, J., Zimmer, K.-P., and Bellusci, S. (2021). Oxygen Toxicity to the Immature Lung-Part II: The Unmet Clinical Need for Causal Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910694"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5785","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in neonatal pulmonary vascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Wedgwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7042","article-title":"Is the C242T Polymorphism of the CYBA Gene Linked with Oxidative Stress-Associated Complications of Prematurity?","volume":"27","author":"Huizing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106238","article-title":"Immunity and inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: From pathophysiology mechanisms to treatment perspective","volume":"180","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Xu, Q., and Wuren, T. (2023). Inflammation and immunity in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1162556"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.23542","article-title":"Peli1 Deficiency in Macrophages Attenuates Pulmonary Hypertension by Enhancing Foxp1-Mediated Transcriptional Inhibition of IL-6","volume":"82","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-6","article-title":"Impact of interleukin-6 on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and lung inflammation in mice","volume":"10","author":"Savale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"E2677","article-title":"Interleukin-6\/interleukin-21 signaling axis is critical in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"112","author":"Hosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0201OC","article-title":"Roles for the CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 and CCL2\/CCR2 Chemokine Systems in Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"56","author":"Amsellem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Nolan, K., Kassa, B., Chanana, N., Palmo, T., Sharma, K., Singh, K., Mickael, C., Balladares, D.F., and Nilsson, J. (2025). Monocytes and interstitial macrophages contribute to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. J. Clin. Investig., 135.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI176865"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900239","article-title":"Nonclassical Monocytes Sense Hypoxia, Regulate Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling, and Promote Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"204","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15494","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15494","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 activation by bone marrow-derived thrombospondin-1 causes Schistosoma- and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.978627","article-title":"Early macrophage recruitment and alternative activation are critical for the later development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"123","author":"Vergadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz304","article-title":"Interstitial macrophage-derived thrombospondin-1 contributes to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"116","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L609","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00531.2016","article-title":"Central role of T helper 17 cells in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"312","author":"Maston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201911-2238OC","article-title":"Cigarette Smoke Directly Promotes Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling and Kv7.4 Channel Dysfunction","volume":"203","author":"Barreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000457","article-title":"Out of proportion pulmonary hypertension in obstructive lung diseases","volume":"24","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00245902","article-title":"Characterization of pulmonary vascular remodelling in smokers and patients with mild COPD","volume":"19","author":"Santos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.035","article-title":"Inducible NOS inhibition reverses tobacco-smoke-induced emphysema and pulmonary hypertension in mice","volume":"147","author":"Seimetz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0149OC","article-title":"Cigarette Smoke Disrupted Lung Endothelial Barrier Integrity and Increased Susceptibility to Acute Lung Injury via Histone Deacetylase 6","volume":"54","author":"Borgas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2023-0181OC","article-title":"Rieske Iron-Sulfur Protein Mediates Pulmonary Hypertension Following Nicotine\/Hypoxia Coexposure","volume":"70","author":"Truong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.023","article-title":"Xanthine oxidoreductase is a critical mediator of cigarette smoke-induced endothelial cell DNA damage and apoptosis","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.5.9807059","article-title":"Inflammatory reaction in pulmonary muscular arteries of patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"159","author":"Peinado","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, E.Y., Lee, S.-Y., Shin, H.S., and Kim, G.-D. (2023). Reactive Oxygen Species and Strategies for Antioxidant Intervention in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12112016"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.08.031","article-title":"Oxidative stress and bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"678","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.11.027","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine inhibits hypoxic pulmonary hypertension most effectively in the initial phase of chronic hypoxia","volume":"77","author":"Hampl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20211090","article-title":"Ebselen abolishes vascular dysfunction in influenza A virus-induced exacerbations of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice","volume":"136","author":"Brassington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16068","article-title":"Inhibition of oxidative stress by apocynin attenuated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease progression and vascular injury by cigarette smoke exposure","volume":"180","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, P.J. (2022). Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050965"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.197533","article-title":"Inhibition of the SDF-1\/CXCR4 axis attenuates neonatal hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"104","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_243","first-page":"e288","article-title":"Immunoregulatory Macrophages Modify Local Pulmonary Immunity and Ameliorate Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Mukhia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L233","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00166.2007","article-title":"Contribution of xanthine oxidase-derived superoxide to chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in neonatal rats","volume":"294","author":"Jankov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Zhao, J., Jia, X., Pan, J., Xu, S., Wang, D., Li, J., Ji, Y., Zhu, Z., and Hasnain, M. (2025). Fucoxanthin Ameliorates Vascular Remodeling via Attenuating Oxidative Stress in Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension Rats. J. Nutr. Biochem.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.110002"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.07.006","article-title":"Grape seed procyanidin extract attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting oxidative stress and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells proliferation","volume":"36","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e872","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00177-2","article-title":"Machine learning and deep learning predictive models for long-term prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.opresp.2025.100402","article-title":"Innovaci\u00f3n en sue\u00f1o","volume":"6","author":"Vigil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Respir. Arch."},{"key":"ref_249","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, \u0141., and Polosukhin, I. (2017). Attention Is All You Need. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Rao, S., Solares, J.R.A., Hassaine, A., Ramakrishnan, R., Canoy, D., Zhu, Y., Rahimi, K., and Salimi-Khorshidi, G. (2020). BEHRT: Transformer for Electronic Health Records. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62922-y"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01461-0","article-title":"Multimodal machine learning enables AI chatbot to diagnose ophthalmic diseases and provide high-quality medical responses","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01409-w","article-title":"A review on generative AI models for synthetic medical text, time series, and longitudinal data","volume":"8","author":"Loni","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00927-3","article-title":"Harnessing the power of synthetic data in healthcare: Innovation, application, and privacy","volume":"6","author":"Shung","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Tao, Y., Cai, Z., Bao, P., Ma, H., Li, K., Li, M., Zhu, Y., Lu, Z.J., and Wren, J. (2024). Pathformer: A biological pathway informed transformer for disease diagnosis and prognosis using multi-omics data. Bioinformatics, 40.","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae316"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2024.100797","article-title":"Tracing unknown tumor origins with a biological-pathway-based transformer model","volume":"4","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Methods"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, Z. (2025). Multi-omics\/genomics in predictive and personalized medicine. Artificial Intelligence for Drug Product Lifecycle Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91819-0.00005-1"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-M., Hsiao, T.-H., Lin, C.-H., and Fann, Y.C. (2025). Unlocking precision medicine: Clinical applications of integrating health records, genetics, and immunology through artificial intelligence. J. Biomed. Sci., 32.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01110-w"},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"33","article-title":"Advancing precision medicine: The transformative role of artificial intelligence in immunogenomics, radiomics, and pathomics for biomarker discovery and immunotherapy optimization","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160035","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.35","article-title":"MIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02136-9","article-title":"Author Correction: MIMIC-IV, a freely accessible electronic health record dataset","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180178","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.178","article-title":"The eICU Collaborative Research Database, a freely available multi-center database for critical care research","volume":"5","author":"Pollard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_263","unstructured":"Faltys, M., Zimmermann, M., Lyu, X., H\u00fcser, M., Hyland, S., R\u00e4tsch, G., and Merz, T. (2021). HiRID, a High Time-Resolution ICU Dataset, PhysioNet."},{"key":"ref_264","unstructured":"(2022). Information Security, Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection\u2014Information Security Management Systems\u2014Requirements (Standard No. ISO\/IEC 27001:2022)."},{"key":"ref_265","unstructured":"(2021). Health Software. Part 2: Health and Wellness Apps\u2014Quality and Reliability (Standard No. ISO\/TS 82304-2:2021)."},{"key":"ref_266","unstructured":"Robert, G.C., Philip Dawid, A., Lauritzen, S.L., and David, J.S. (1999). Probabilistic Networks and Expert Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3109\/15412550903499522","article-title":"Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) Study Design","volume":"7","author":"Regan","year":"2011","journal-title":"COPD: J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00111707","article-title":"Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-points (ECLIPSE)","volume":"31","author":"Vestbo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-203897","article-title":"Design of the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcomes in COPD Study (SPIROMICS): Table 1","volume":"69","author":"Couper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2012.665520","article-title":"Canadian Cohort Obstructive Lung Disease (CanCOLD): Fulfilling the Need for Longitudinal Observational Studies in COPD","volume":"11","author":"Bourbeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"COPD: J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Jiang, Y., Li, S., and Li, A. (2025). Enhanced machine learning predictive modeling for delirium in elderly ICU patients with COPD and respiratory failure: A retrospective study based on MIMIC-IV. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319297"},{"key":"ref_272","first-page":"255","article-title":"The apnea-ECG database","volume":"Volume 27","author":"Penzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computers in Cardiology 2000"},{"key":"ref_273","unstructured":"Goldberger, A., Amaral, L., Glass, L., Hausdorff, J., Ivanov, P.C., Mark, R., Mietus, J.E., Moody, G.B., Peng, C.K., and Stanley, H.E. (2007). St. Vincent\u2019s University Hospital\/University College Dublin Sleep Apnea Database, PhysioNet."},{"key":"ref_274","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The Sleep Heart Health Study: Design, rationale, and methods","volume":"20","author":"Quan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321379","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2024.2321379","article-title":"Diagnosis and Severity Assessment of COPD Using a Novel Fast-Response Capnometer and Interpretable Machine Learning","volume":"21","author":"Talker","year":"2024","journal-title":"COPD: J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atzeni, M., Cappon, G., Quint, J.K., Kelly, F., Barratt, B., and Vettoretti, M. (2025). A machine learning framework for short-term prediction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations using personal air quality monitors and lifestyle data. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-85089-2"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., Wang, K., Yang, R., Tan, Y., Li, Q., Zhu, W., and Sung, S. (2024). A machine learning model for predicting acute exacerbation of in-home chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 246.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.108005"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2769800","article-title":"Transfer Learning for Multicenter Classification of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"22","author":"Cheplygina","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2022.01.004","article-title":"A Novel CT-Based Radiomics Features Analysis for Identification and Severity Staging of COPD","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amudala Puchakayala, P.R., Sthanam, V.L., Nakhmani, A., Chaudhary, M.F.A., Kizhakke Puliyakote, A., Reinhardt, J.M., Zhang, C., Bhatt, S.P., and Bodduluri, S. (2023). Radiomics for Improved Detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Low-Dose and Standard-Dose Chest CT Scans. Radiology, 307.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.222998"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103078","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03078-2021","article-title":"Differentiating COPD and asthma using quantitative CT imaging and machine learning","volume":"60","author":"Moslemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.06.008","article-title":"CT Imaging With Machine Learning for Predicting Progression to COPD in Individuals at Risk","volume":"164","author":"Makimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-23-1307","article-title":"Comparison of deep-learning and radiomics-based machine-learning methods for the identification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on low-dose computed tomography images","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, K.-M., Liu, C.-F., Chen, C.-J., and Shen, Y.-T. (2021). Machine Learning Approaches for Predicting Acute Respiratory Failure, Ventilator Dependence, and Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122396"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.02.079","article-title":"Machine Learning and Prediction of All-Cause Mortality in COPD","volume":"158","author":"Moll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, S., Arjomandi, M., Tong, Y., Liao, Z.C., and Luo, G. (2022). Developing a Machine Learning Model to Predict Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations: Retrospective Cohort Study. J. Med. Internet Res., 24.","DOI":"10.2196\/28953"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221133278","article-title":"Airway Phenotypes and Nocturnal Wearing of Dentures in Elders with Sleep Apnea","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atalay, N.A., Yormaz, B., \u015eahin, A., Sonmez, G., Colkesen, S.S., Vatansev, H., Ozer, H., and Korez, M.K. (2025). Elevated HIF-1\u03b1 as a Diagnostic Biomarker in COPD: Correlations with EPO, Emphysema Index, and Pulmonary Function. Respir. Med., 108184.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108184"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Wang, H., Zhu, C., and Wang, S. (2020). Plasma expression of HIF-1\u03b1 as novel biomarker for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 34.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23545"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Yan, J., Gong, R., Zhang, D., Zhou, X., and Wang, X. (2024). Identification of biomarkers and pathways for the SARS-CoV-2 infections in obstructive sleep apnea patients based on machine learning and proteomic analysis. BMC Pulm. Med., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-02921-1"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, M., Jiang, C., Dai, Z., Xie, B., Chen, Q., and Lin, J. (2025). Identification and verification of mitochondria-related genes biomarkers associated with immune infiltration for COPD using WGCNA and machine learning algorithms. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99002-y"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2025.12845","article-title":"Machine learning identifies potential diagnostic biomarkers associated with ferroptosis in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2021.2009791","article-title":"Predicting Mortality in COPD with Validated and Sensitive Biomarkers; Fibrinogen and Mid-Range-Proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM)","volume":"18","author":"Citgez","year":"2021","journal-title":"COPD J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X., Zeng, W., Tang, J., Liu, W., Yang, J., Chen, H., Jiang, L., Zhou, X., Huang, J., and Zhang, S. (2024). Multi-modal transcriptomic analysis reveals metabolic dysregulation and immune responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71773-w"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Xing, F., Ghosh, D., Hobbs, B.D., Hersh, C.P., Banaei-Kashani, F., Bowler, R.P., Kechris, K., and Liu, G. (2023). Deep learning on graphs for multi-omics classification of COPD. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284563"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0040-6","article-title":"Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices","volume":"1","author":"Lavin","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02913-z","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in COPD CT images: Identification, staging, and quantitation","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e767","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00151-1","article-title":"The potential for large language models to transform cardiovascular medicine","volume":"6","author":"Quer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05881-4","article-title":"Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence","volume":"616","author":"Moor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00455-y","article-title":"Med-BERT: Pretrained contextualized embeddings on large-scale structured electronic health records for disease prediction","volume":"4","author":"Rasmy","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-024-00166-5","article-title":"Extracting Pulmonary Nodules and Nodule Characteristics from Radiology Reports of Lung Cancer Screening Patients Using Transformer Models","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Inform. Res."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, A., Gyanchandani, B., Oza, A., and Singh, A. (2025). TriSpectraKAN: A novel approach for COPD detection via lung sound analysis. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82781-1"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vodnala, N., Yarlagadda, P.S., Bhuvana, K.S., Ch, M., and Sailaja, K. (2024, January 3\u20134). Novel Deep Learning Approaches to Differentiate Asthma and COPD Based on Cough Sounds. Proceedings of the 2024 Parul International Conference on Engineering and Technology (PICET), Vadodara, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PICET60765.2024.10716083"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodduluri, S., Nakhmani, A., Reinhardt, J.M., Wilson, C.G., McDonald, M.-L., Rudraraju, R., Jaeger, B.C., Bhakta, N.R., Castaldi, P.J., and Sciurba, F.C. (2020). Deep neural network analyses of spirometry for structural phenotyping of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JCI Insight, 5.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132781"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, S., Li, X., Zhou, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Wan, Y., Cao, S., Zhao, Q., Geng, S., and Xie, J. (2025). Deep learning for detecting and early predicting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from spirogram time series. NPJ Syst. Biol. Appl., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-025-00489-y"},{"key":"ref_306","unstructured":"Gadgil, S., Galanter, J., and Negahdar, M. (2024). Transformer-based Time-Series Biomarker Discovery for COPD Diagnosis. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110659","article-title":"Prediction of obstructive sleep apnea using ensemble of recurrence plot convolutional neural networks (RPCNNs) from polysomnography signals","volume":"154","author":"Taghizadegan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niroshana, S.M.I., Zhu, X., Nakamura, K., and Chen, W. (2021). A fused-image-based approach to detect obstructive sleep apnea using a single-lead ECG and a 2D convolutional neural network. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250618"},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, D., Dhar, K., Schwenker, F., and Sarkar, R. (2021). Ensemble of Deep Learning Models for Sleep Apnea Detection: An Experimental Study. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165425"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashrur, F.R., Islam, M.d.S., Saha, D.K., Islam, S.M.R., and Moni, M.A. (2021). SCNN: Scalogram-based convolutional neural network to detect obstructive sleep apnea using single-lead electrocardiogram signals. Comput. Biol. Med., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104532"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Lu, C., Shen, G., and Hong, F. (2019). Sleep apnea detection from a single-lead ECG signal with automatic feature-extraction through a modified LeNet-5 convolutional neural network. PeerJ, 7.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7731"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, H.-Y., Yeh, C.-Y., Lee, C.-T., and Lin, C.-C. (2020). A Sleep Apnea Detection System Based on a One-Dimensional Deep Convolution Neural Network Model Using Single-Lead Electrocardiogram. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154157"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S492806","article-title":"Deep Learning for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Detection and Severity Assessment: A Multimodal Signals Fusion Multiscale Transformer Model","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30064-9","article-title":"Towards large-scale case-finding: Training and validation of residual networks for detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using low-dose CT","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2023.06.004","article-title":"Attention-guided multiple instance learning for COPD identification: To combine the intensity and morphology","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Qi, S., Feng, J., Xia, S., Kang, Y., Yao, Y., and Qian, W. (2020). DCT-MIL: Deep CNN transferred multiple instance learning for COPD identification using CT images. Phys. Med. Biol., 65.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab857d"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.103062","article-title":"DrasCLR: A self-supervised framework of learning disease-related and anatomy-specific representation for 3D lung CT images","volume":"92","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201705-0860OC","article-title":"Disease Staging and Prognosis in Smokers Using Deep Learning in Chest Computed Tomography","volume":"197","author":"Ash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, X., Ren, Y., Yang, H., Zou, M., Meng, P., Zhang, L., Gong, M., Ding, W., Han, L., and Zhang, T. (2024). Screening and staging of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with deep learning based on chest X-ray images and clinical parameters. BMC Pulm. Med., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-02945-7"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S279850","article-title":"Prediction of Obstructive Lung Disease from Chest Radiographs via Deep Learning Trained on Pulmonary Function Data","volume":"15","author":"Schroeder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37758-5","article-title":"Deep learning to estimate lung disease mortality from chest radiographs","volume":"14","author":"Weiss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, S., Kim, J.H., Yu, H., Jung, H.-D., Chang, S.W., Park, J.J., Hong, S., Cho, H.-J., Choi, Y.J., and Choi, J. (2021). Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea with prediction of flow characteristics according to airway morphology automatically extracted from medical images: Computational fluid dynamics and artificial intelligence approach. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 208.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106243"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02301-7","article-title":"Machine learning for image-based detection of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: An exploratory study","volume":"25","author":"Tsuiki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J., Ye, M., Xiao, C., and Ma, F. (2020, January 23\u201327). HiTANet: Hierarchical Time-Aware Attention Networks for Risk Prediction on Electronic Health Records. Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3394486.3403107"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02628-7","article-title":"Deep learning prediction of hospital readmissions for asthma and COPD","volume":"24","author":"Lopez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_326","unstructured":"Radford, A., Kim, J.W., Hallacy, C., Ramesh, A., Goh, G., Agarwal, S., Sastry, G., Askell, A., Mishkin, P., and Clark, J. (2021). Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz682","article-title":"BioBERT: A pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text mining","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_328","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xia, T., Han, J., Wu, Y., Rizos, G., Liu, Y., Mosuily, M., Ch, J., and Mascolo, C. (2024). Towards Open Respiratory Acoustic Foundation Models: Pretraining and Benchmarking. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyben, F., W\u00f6llmer, M., and Schuller, B. (2010, January 25\u201329). Opensmile. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Firenze, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1874246"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hershey, S., Chaudhuri, S., Ellis, D.P.W., Gemmeke, J.F., Jansen, A., Moore, R.C., Plakal, M., Platt, D., Saurous, R.A., and Seybold, B. (2017, January 5\u20139). CNN architectures for large-scale audio classification. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2017.7952132"},{"key":"ref_331","unstructured":"Huang, P.-Y., Xu, H., Li, J., Baevski, A., Auli, M., Galuba, W., Metze, F., and Feichtenhofer, C. (2022, January 28\u201329). Masked Autoencoders that Listen. Proceedings of the NeurIPS Proceedings, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elizalde, B., Deshmukh, S., and Ismail MAl Wang, H. (2023, January 4\u201310). CLAP Learning Audio Concepts from Natural Language Supervision. Proceedings of the ICASSP 2023\u20142023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Rhodes Island, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10095889"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56822-w","article-title":"Medical multimodal multitask foundation model for lung cancer screening","volume":"16","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01345","article-title":"Sybil: A Validated Deep Learning Model to Predict Future Lung Cancer Risk From a Single Low-Dose Chest Computed Tomography","volume":"41","author":"Mikhael","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23235-4","article-title":"Deep learning predicts cardiovascular disease risks from lung cancer screening low dose computed tomography","volume":"12","author":"Chao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv098","article-title":"Data Resource Profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)","volume":"44","author":"Herrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miotto, R., Li, L., Kidd, B.A., and Dudley, J.T. (2016). Deep Patient: An Unsupervised Representation to Predict the Future of Patients from the Electronic Health Records. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26094"},{"key":"ref_338","unstructured":"Choi, E., Bahadori, M.T., Kulas, J.A., Schuetz, A., Stewart, W.F., and Sun, J. (2016). RETAIN: An Interpretable Predictive Model for Healthcare Using Reverse Time Attention Mechanism., Curran Associates Inc."},{"key":"ref_339","unstructured":"(2024). Science & Tech Spotlight: Generative AIin Health Care, U.S. Government Accountability Office."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","article-title":"High-performance medicine: The convergence of human and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Topol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_341","unstructured":"(2024). Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence and Amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008, (EU) No 167\/2013, (EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU, (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act) (Text with EEA Relevance) (Standard No. EU 2024\/1689)."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeGroot, M.H. (2004). Optimal Statistical Decisions, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471729000"},{"key":"ref_343","unstructured":"Kevin, P.M. (2022). Probabilistic Machine Learning: An introduction, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1982.10477856","article-title":"The Well-Calibrated Bayesian","volume":"77","author":"Dawid","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_345","unstructured":"Ferrer, L., and Ramos, D. (2025). Evaluating Posterior Probabilities: Decision Theory, Proper Scoring Rules, and Calibration. Trans. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_346","unstructured":"Guo, C., Pleiss, G., Sun, Y., and Weinberger, K.Q. (2017, January 6\u201311). On calibration of modern neural networks. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, Sydney, Australia."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/7\/839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:06:48Z","timestamp":1760033208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/7\/839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"references-count":346,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14070839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14070839","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]}}}