{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:24:41Z","timestamp":1792441481421,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-39-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-39-04"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["2022YFD1300201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300201"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["CARS-39-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-39-04"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD1300201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seasonal reproduction in sheep reduces reproductive efficiency. Melatonin (MT) plays a crucial role in reproductive processes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a 5-day MT implant pretreatment on estrus synchronization and reproductive performance in sheep during seasonal anestrus. A total of 40 multiparous Mongolian sheep were selected and randomly divided into two groups. In the MT group (n = 20), the ewes received an MT implant for 5 days, and then, they were given a progesterone (P4)-containing vaginal sponge for 14 days with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) administered (330 I.U. per ewe; I.M.) at sponge removal. Control (CON) ewes (n = 20) were similarly treated but did not receive MT implants. The results demonstrated that MT implantation significantly improved serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increased post-ovulatory luteal diameter and serum P4 levels, and reduced ovarian apoptosis. Compared with the CON group, the MT group showed significantly higher pregnancy (68.23% vs. 50.59%) and lambing rates (63.53% vs. 47.06%; number of lambed ewes\/number of total ewes) following cervical-timed artificial insemination. Ovarian transcriptome analysis revealed 522 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the MT group compared with the CON group, including 355 upregulated and 167 downregulated DEGs. In addition, MT significantly enhanced proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in cultured granulosa cells (GCs) and luteal cells (LCs) in vitro. Moreover, it enhanced the antioxidant capacity of GCs and LCs probably by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway as well as stimulating steroid hormone synthesis. In conclusion, MT implantation 5 days before applying the conventional P4-eCG protocol enhances ovine reproductive outcomes during seasonal anestrus. MT implantation has a beneficial role on the growth and function of ovarian cells. These findings offer novel evidence supporting the functional role of MT in mammalian reproduction, and would be informative for optimizing estrus synchronization in sheep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T13:59:11Z","timestamp":1753106351000},"page":"895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Melatonin Implantation Improves the Reproductive Performance of Estrus-Synchronized Ewes During Seasonal Anestrus and Enhances the Antioxidant and Steroidogenic Capacities of Granulosa and Luteal Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zengyi","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6623-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadia Akber","family":"Samoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6905-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"586","article-title":"Physiology of reproductive seasonality in sheep\u2014An update","volume":"51","author":"Aarif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. 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