{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:22:49Z","timestamp":1791336169935,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology","award":["1404.12.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1404.12.03"]}]},{"name":"Amol University of Special Modern Technology","award":["1404.12.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1404.12.03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Oxidative stress is a critical factor contributing to male infertility, impairing spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and disrupting normal spermatogenesis. This study aimed to isolate and characterize human SSCs and to investigate oxidative stress-related gene expression, protein interaction networks, and developmental trajectories involved in SSC function. Methods: SSCs were enriched from human orchiectomy samples using CD49f-based magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and laminin-binding matrix selection. Enriched cultures were assessed through morphological criteria and immunocytochemistry using VASA and SSEA4. Transcriptomic profiling was performed using microarray and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify oxidative stress-related genes. Bioinformatic analyses included STRING-based protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) networks, FunRich enrichment, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and predictive modeling using machine learning algorithms. Results: The enriched SSC populations displayed characteristic morphology, positive germline marker expression, and minimal fibroblast contamination. Microarray analysis revealed six significantly upregulated oxidative stress-related genes in SSCs\u2014including CYB5R3 and NDUFA10\u2014and three downregulated genes, such as TXN and SQLE, compared to fibroblasts. PPI and functional enrichment analyses highlighted tightly clustered gene networks involved in mitochondrial function, redox balance, and spermatogenesis. scRNA-seq data further confirmed stage-specific expression of antioxidant genes during spermatogenic differentiation, particularly in late germ cell stages. Among the machine learning models tested, logistic regression demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy for antioxidant gene expression, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.741. Protein oxidation was implicated as a major mechanism of oxidative damage, affecting sperm motility, metabolism, and acrosome integrity. Conclusion: This study identifies key oxidative stress-related genes and pathways in human SSCs that may regulate spermatogenesis and impact sperm function. These findings offer potential targets for future functional validation and therapeutic interventions, including antioxidant-based strategies to improve male fertility outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:29:02Z","timestamp":1753885742000},"page":"936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Oxidative Stress-Related Hub Genes and Key Pathways in Sperm Maturation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0943-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Shakeri Abroudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8246-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cells and Cancer, College of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol 46158-63111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vyan A.","family":"Qadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science, Faculty of General Medicine, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melika","family":"Djamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tehran University, Tehran 44001, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa Fadhil","family":"Alsaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, College of Health & Medical Techniques, AL-Mustaqbal University, Hillah 51001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Skutella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizi, H., Karoii, D.H., and Skutella, T. 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