{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:08:38Z","timestamp":1791227318474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ecuadorian Corporation","award":["MAE-DNB-CM-2017-0080-UTE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAE-DNB-CM-2017-0080-UTE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Amazon region is home to a remarkable diversity of plant species that are used in traditional medicine and cuisine. This study aimed to evaluate the functional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the leaves of Allium schoenoprasum, Brugmansia candida (white and pink), and Cyclanthemum bipartitum. Bioactive compounds (L-ascorbic acid, organic acids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and chlorophylls) were quantified using liquid chromatography. The ABTS and DPPH methods were used to assess the antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis was evaluated. The results revealed a high content of L-ascorbic acid (7.6 mg\/100 g dry weight) and total carotenoids (509.0 mg\/100 g dry weight), as well as high antioxidant capacity (4.5 mmol TE\/100 g dry weight) and broad antimicrobial activity in Brugmansia candida \u2018pink\u2019. The White variety had the highest concentration of total chlorophylls (1742.8 mg\/100 g DW), Cyclanthemum bipartitum had the highest total organic acid content (2814.5 mg\/100 g DW), and Allium schoenoprasum had the highest concentration of total phenolic compounds (11,351.6 mg\/100 g DW). These results constitute a starting point for future research, emphasizing the potential health risks that certain species may pose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T10:58:26Z","timestamp":1754564306000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Functional, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Profile of Medicinal Leaves from the Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5903-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Coyago-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Lomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Productos Farmac\u00e9uticos Naturales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170109, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cerna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7620-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Heredia-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CENBIO), Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54bc21360","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4392202103601","article-title":"Evolution of Amazonian Biodiversity: A Review","volume":"54","author":"Guayasamin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Amaz."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Medeiros, M., and Albuquerque, U. (2021). Local Food Plants of Brazil, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.20435\/inter.v21i3.2926","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological and Botanical Evaluation of Medicinal Plants Used by Brazilian Amazon Indian Community","volume":"21","author":"Zandonadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intera\u00e7\u00f5es"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"565","article-title":"Ethno-Knowledge of Medicinal Plants in a Community in the Eastern Amazon","volume":"42","author":"Moraes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"54","article-title":"Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants of the Amazon","volume":"1","author":"Alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methodol. Focus. Area Interdiscip. V1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.37360\/blacpma.23.22.3.21","article-title":"Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants from the Peruvian Amazon: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Simirgiotis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"319","article-title":"Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Fruit Leaves from the Peruvian Amazon as Antibacterial Potential of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria","volume":"79","author":"Sandoval","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.31788\/RJC.2018.1144067","article-title":"Evaluation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant and in Vitro Antilithogenesis Activities of Chives Leaf (Allium schoenoprasum, L.)","volume":"11","author":"Sinaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rasayan J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurnia, D., Ajiati, D., Heliawati, L., and Sumiarsa, D. (2021). Antioxidant Properties and Structure-Antioxidant Activity. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237175"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cepulien\u0117, V., Ju\u0161kevi\u010dien\u0117, D., Vi\u0161kelis, J., Morkeli\u016bn\u0117, A., and Karklelien\u0117, R. (2024). Biological Diversity and Nutritional Importance of Allium Perennial Vegetable Species. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16187931"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"309","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Allium schoenoprasum L. Leaves","volume":"65","author":"Parvu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Salazar, I., Guachamin, A., Alomoto, M., Cerna, M., Mendez, G., Heredia-Moya, J., and Vera, E. (2025). Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds and Mucilage of Non-Traditional Cocoas. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030299"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Guachamin, A., Villac\u00eds, M., Rivera, J., Neto, M., M\u00e9ndez, G., Heredia-Moya, J., and Vera, E. (2023). Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in 51 Minor Tropical Fruits of Ecuador. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12244439"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WFO (2024, June 14). The World Flora Online. Available online: https:\/\/wfoplantlist.org\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-7-17","article-title":"Expression of Brugmansia candida Hyoscyamine 6beta-Hydroxylase Gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Its Potential Use as Biocatalyst","volume":"7","author":"Cardillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geck, M., Cristians, S., Berger-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Casu, L., Heinrich, M., and Leonti, M. (2020). Traditional Herbal Medicine in Mesoamerica: Toward Its Evidence Base for Improving Universal Health Coverage. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01160"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56911125258","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i1.25258","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Study in a Rural Settlement in Amazon: Contribution of Local Knowledge to Public Health Policies","volume":"11","author":"Correa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e313101422333","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v10i14.22333","article-title":"Plantas Nativas Da Regi\u00e3o Amaz\u00f4nica: Uma Revis\u00e3o Integrativa Acerca Da Sua Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o Na Fitoterapia","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayorga-Ramos, A., Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Miranda, J., Coyago-Cruz, E., Heredia-Moya, J., Guam\u00e1n-Bautista, J., and Guam\u00e1n, L. (2025). Phytochemical Composition and Biological Properties of Macleania rupestris Fruit Extract: Insights into Its Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040394"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extracci\u00f3n de Compuestos Fitoqu\u00edmicos de Inflorescencia y Frutos de Guan\u00e1bana (Annona muricata L.)","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Agr\u00edcola Pecu."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Guachamin, A., M\u00e9ndez, G., Moya, M., Viera, W., Heredia-Moya, J., Beltr\u00e1n, E., Vera, E., and Villac\u00eds, M. (2023). Functional and Antioxidant Evaluation of Two Ecotypes of Control and Grafted Tree Tomato (Solanum betaceum) at Different Altitudes. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12183494"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Valenzuela, D., Guachamin, A., M\u00e9ndez, G., Heredia-Moya, J., and Vera, E. (2024). Bioactive Compound Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Phytelephas tenuicaulis and Other Amazonian Fruits. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13132151"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamboa, F., Mu\u00f1oz, C., Numpaque, G., Sequeda-Casta\u00f1eda, L., Gutierrez, S., and Tellez, N. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Piper Marginatum Jacq and Ilex guayusa Loes on Microorganisms Associated with Periodontal Disease. Int. J. Microbiol., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4147383"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Barrigas, A., Guachamin, A., Heredia-Moya, J., Zu\u00f1iga-Miranda, J., and Vera, E. (2024). Bioactive Composition of Tropical Flowers and Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233766"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"plab032","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plab032","article-title":"Acid or Base? How Do Plants Regulate the Ecology of Their Phylloplane?","volume":"13","author":"Gilbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-6723.3015","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmicas de Cebolinhas Comum e Europeia","volume":"18","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s44274-025-00189-8","article-title":"Influence of Environmental Factors on Phytochemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Juniperus communis L.","volume":"3","author":"Rawat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.21930\/rcta.vol16_num2_art:367","article-title":"Variaci\u00f3n En La Concentraci\u00f3n de S\u00f3lidos Solubles Durante El D\u00eda, En Tres Pasturas En \u00c9poca Seca En El Valle Medio Del R\u00edo Sin\u00fa","volume":"16","author":"Reza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cienc. Tecnol. Agropecu."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4314\/njbas.v27i1.12","article-title":"Analysis of the Proximate Composition, Anti-Nutrients and Mineral Content of Maerua crassifolia Leaves","volume":"27","author":"Aletan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-021-05012-9","article-title":"Effect of Pre-Treatment and Drying Methods on the Content of Minerals, B-Group Vitamins and Tocopherols in Kale (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Acephala) Leaves","volume":"59","author":"Korus","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"341","article-title":"Brugmansia suaveolens Leaf Productivity and Alkaloid Contents under Different Doses of Organic Fertilizer","volume":"11","author":"Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"15","article-title":"Estimation of Micronutrient Contents in Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables and Their Potential Contribution to Dietary Recommended Intakes","volume":"8","author":"Isibhakhomen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, X., Jia, C., Lu, J., and Yu, Z. (2024). Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Different Tissue Parts of Post-Harvest Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.). Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.1849.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120005716","article-title":"What Is the Optimal Intake of Vitamin C?","volume":"79","author":"Eggersdorfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17790","article-title":"CAM Photosynthesis: The Acid Test","volume":"233","author":"Winter","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, X., Hao, J., Zhao, Y., Li, C., and Quan, W. (2023). Seasonal Variations of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids in Three Evergreen Broadleaf Rhododendron Forests. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13010119"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Rodr\u00edguez, E., Heredia-Moya, J., and M\u00e9ndez, G. (2024). Functional and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Artocarpus Heterophyllus (Jackfruit) Fruit and Leaves at Different Ripening Stages. Emerging Research in Intelligent Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-87701-8_14"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E. (2017). Estudio Sobre El Contenido En Carotenoides y Compuestos Fen\u00f3licos de Tomates y Flores En El Contexto de La Alimentaci\u00f3n Funcional. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.9734\/ejnfs\/2020\/v12i230190","article-title":"Correlation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Spectrophotometric Methods to Assess the Post Harvest Storage and Processing Changes in Total \u03b2-Carotene Contents in Selected Nigeria Vegetables","volume":"12","author":"Okpalanma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2015). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for Vitamin A. EFSA J., 13, 4028.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4028"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Jia, T., and Hu, X. (2020). HCAR Is a Limitation Factor for Chlorophyll Cycle and Chlorophyll B Degradation in Chlorophyll-B-Overproducing Plants. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121639"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bumrungpert, A., Lilitchan, S., Tuntipopipat, S., Tirawanchai, N., and Komindr, S. (2018). Ferulic Acid Supplementation Improves Lipid Profiles, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Status in Hyperlipidemic Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060713"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platzer, M., Kiese, S., Herfellner, T., Schweiggert-Weisz, U., Miesbauer, O., and Eisner, P. (2021). Common Trends and Differences in Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Phenolic Substances Using Single Electron Transfer Based Assays. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051244"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawish, R., Samy, E., and Aziz, M. (2024). Ferulic Acid Protects against Gamma-Radiation Induced Liver Injury via Regulating JAK\/STAT\/Nrf2 Pathways. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 753.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2024.109895"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black, H., Boehm, F., Edge, R., and Truscott, T. (2020). The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids That Exhibit Both Anti-and pro-Oxidative Mechanisms\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030264"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyago-Cruz, E., Alarc\u00f3n, A., Guachamin, A., M\u00e9ndez, G., Osorio, E., Heredia-Moya, J., Zu\u00f1iga-Miranda, J., Beltr\u00e1n-Sinchiguano, E., and Vera, E. (2024). Functional, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activity of Edible Flowers. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111297"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2312239712","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v12i2.39712","article-title":"Extrato de Allium Schoenoprasum L. Inibe o Crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli in Vitro","volume":"12","author":"Magueroski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.22146\/mot.71730","article-title":"Effectiveness Ofantibacterialextract Bawang Suna (Allium schoenoprasum L.) against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)Using Total Plate Count","volume":"27","author":"Claranisza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maj. Obat Tradis."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"38","article-title":"Inhibition of Mangkokan Leaf (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr.) Ethanol Extract on the Growth of Salmonella Typhimurium Bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Dhama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indones. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2024.2446927","article-title":"Anti-Biofilm Effect of Ferulic Acid against Enterobacter hormaechei and Klebsiella pneumoniae: In Vitro and in Silico Investigation","volume":"41","author":"Vaikkathillam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53915","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA05840F","article-title":"Fine-Tuning of the Hydrophobicity of Caffeic Acid: Studies on the Antimicrobial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"5","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.62313\/ijpbp.2021.3","article-title":"Investigation of in Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Some Hydroxybenzoic and Hydroxycinnamic Acids Commonly Found in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"1","author":"Gurbuzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Based Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-020-03330-w","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Luteolin against Single- and Dual-Species of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae and Its Antibiofilm Activities","volume":"193","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8721888","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8721888","article-title":"Variations of Carotenoids, Total Bioactive Contents, and Antioxidant Activity in Leaves of Medicago polymorpha","volume":"2024","author":"Zeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khare, T., Anand, U., Dey, A., Assaraf, Y., Chen, Z., Liu, Z., and Kumar, V. (2021). Exploring Phytochemicals for Combating Antibiotic Resistance in Microbial Pathogens. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.720726"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khameneh, B., Eskin, N., Iranshahy, M., and Fazly, B. (2021). Phytochemicals: A Promising Weapon in the Arsenal against Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091044"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/8\/965\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:24:01Z","timestamp":1760034241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/8\/965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14080965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14080965","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]}}}