{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:35:32Z","timestamp":1790202932674,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Massachusetts Lions Eye Research","award":["P30EYE003790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EYE003790"]}]},{"name":"Grimshaw-Gudewicz Foundation AMD research","award":["P30EYE003790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EYE003790"]}]},{"name":"Gilbert Family Foundation","award":["P30EYE003790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EYE003790"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EYE003790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EYE003790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geographic atrophy or late-stage dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by drusen deposition and progressive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration, leading to irreversible vision loss. The formation of drusen leads to dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress, and irreversible damage to the RPE. In this study, we used an in vitro model of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human RPE damage\/death to investigate the mechanism through which a sterically hindered phenol antioxidant compound, PMC (2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol), protects the RPE against ox-LDL-induced damage. We show that PMC exerts its protective effect by preventing the upregulation of stress-responsive heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1\/HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) at the mRNA and protein levels. This effect was due to PMC\u2019s blockade of ROS generation, which in turn blocked nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor, ultimately preventing the upregulation of antioxidant response elements (AREs), including HMOX1 and NQO1. The key role of HO-1 was demonstrated when the protective effect of PMC was inhibited by the knockdown of HMOX1. Additionally, PMC treatment under different experimental conditions and at different time points revealed that the continuous presence of PMC is required for the optimal protection against ox-LDL-induced cytotoxicity, defining the cellular pharmacokinetics of this molecule. Our data demonstrate the involvement of a key antioxidant pathway through which PMC mitigates the oxidative stress induced by ox-LDL and provides a potential therapeutic strategy for suppressing RPE degeneration\/damage during AMD progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T10:33:42Z","timestamp":1755254022000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Mechanism of PMC (2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethyl-6-chromanol), a Sterically Hindered Phenol Antioxidant, in Rescuing Oxidized Low-Density-Lipoprotein-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Suman","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8506-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Kriukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Pestun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr Y.","family":"Baranov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin-Shan Eric","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"D\u2019Amore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-017-0086-6","article-title":"A review of current and future management of geographic atrophy","volume":"6","author":"Sacconi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. 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